Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the top leading death rate in the 1900s

A

Infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What could prevent infectious disease from spreading

A

-proper food and water handling
-vaccines/antibiotics/proper medical techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Top 5 most common infectious diseases

A

-respiratory disease
-HIV/AIDS
-diarrheal
-tuberculosis
-malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which infectious diseases are more common in lower or middle economies

A

-HIV
-tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most common infectious diseases for higher income

A

-respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Typical gram of soil has how much bacteria

A

10^9
One billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hyperthermic extremophiles

A

-hot areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypothermic extremophiles

A

Cold habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Halophilic

A

Salty conditions, Great salt lake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Beneficial Uses of microorganisms

A

-biotechnology
-agriculture
-mineral extraction
-wastewater treatment
-bioremediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do scientist use microorganisms in the lab

A

-small in size
-rapid growth
-easily manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of microorganisms

A

-bacteria
-viruses
-Protozoa
-fungi
-algae
-helminths/parisites
-prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to identify bacteria

A

Gram staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to identify viruses

A

If it has DNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Multicellular fungi

A

Molds/ mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Single celled fungi

A

Yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What falls under the prokaryote domain

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What falls under the eukaryote domain

A

-protists
-plants
-animals
-fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is bacteria named

A

Genus then species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

It is a protein on the membrane that can create a biofilm
-can help bacteria cells attach to things around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are mesosomes

A

The mitochondria of prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the color and meaning of a positive gram stain

A

It is a blue color which means thick peptioglycan layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the color and meaning of a gram negative stain

A

It is a red color with a thin layer of peptoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is bacteria not found

A

-lumen in blood
-volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does arches have a layer of peptoglycan

A

No layer of peptoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Extremophiles fall into what kingdom

A

Archea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two types of protists

A

Algae and Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Description of algae

A

-unicellular
-cellulose in cell wall
-photosynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Description of Protozoa

A

-flagellum
-some are photosynthetic
-some are free living
-some are pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Unicellular and multicellular fungi

A

Uni- yeast
Multi- molds and mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Viruses

A

-no living
-dna and rna
-insert outside host organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Prions

A

-infectious misfolded protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Helminths

A

-not a real microbe because it is eggs/larvae
-causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the theory of endosymbiosis

A

-how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are oxygenic phototrophs

A

Cyanobacteria

36
Q

What are the oldest known fossils

A

Stromatolites

37
Q

What makes algal blooms toxic

A

-Cyanobacteria

38
Q

Carole’s Linnaeus

A

-divides it into 3 kingdoms
-animal plant and mineral

39
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A
  • proposed the third kingdom of protista that was then later renamed to monera
40
Q

Robert Whittaker

A

-added the kingdom of fungi

41
Q

Carl Wose and George fox

A

-genetic based tree of life
- determining relationships by DNA or RNA

42
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of western medicine

43
Q

Thucydides

A

-father of scientific history
-evidence based analysis

44
Q

Marcus Varro

A

-“things we cannot see cause disease”

45
Q

Leeuwehnhoek

A

-first to develop a microscope
-first person to see a cell

46
Q

Pasteur

A

-pasteurization
-fermentation
-rabies vaccine

47
Q

Koch

A

-single microbe causes disease
-Koch postulates

48
Q

Algae vs. Cyanobacteria

A

Algae
-eukaryotic and has chloroplasts
Cyanobacteria
-prokaryotic, no chloroplast, gram negative stain

49
Q

MALDI-TOF

A
  • mass of spectra to a mass of a sample
50
Q

Are algae more closely related to eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

51
Q

PCR

A

-Polyemerse chain reaction
-Replicates DNA very fast from a small sample

52
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

-DNA fragment separation based on size

53
Q

Pulse-field gel electrophoresis

A

-separation based on large DNA fragments using an electric field that changes direction

54
Q

Whole Genome Sequencing

A

Another way of molecular detection

55
Q

Light microscopy

A

Light field- bright background, stains added to increase contrast
Dark fields- dark background that have high contrast without stain

56
Q

Phase contrast

A

-alters wavelength of light to create an image

57
Q

Scanning microscopy

A

-surface of a microbe

58
Q

Transmission (TEM)

A

-visuals of internal structures and membranes

59
Q

What are the monomers of carbs

A

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

60
Q

What are two monosaccharides combined

A

-disacharides
(Lactose, maltose, sucrose)

61
Q

2 carbs found in cell walls

A

-Cellulose
-chitin (fungal cell wall/exoskeleton)

62
Q

Carb for plant energy storage

A

-starch

63
Q

Carb for animal storage

A

-glycogen

64
Q

What are types of lipids

A

-triglycerides which are fats/oils
-phospholipids
-steroids and sterols
-waxes

65
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

-hydrophobic

66
Q

Uses of lipids

A

-long term energy storage
-insulation
-hormones

67
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

-Membrane with hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails

68
Q

Ball of phospholipids with a hydrophilic center

A

-liposome

69
Q

Phospholipids ball with nonpolar middle (hydrophobic)

A

-Micelle

70
Q

Tryglicerides are known for what

A

-energy storage

71
Q

Phospholipids are known for what

A

-Cell membrane component

72
Q

Steroids and sterols are known for what

A

-cell membrane components
-like cholesterol

73
Q

Waxes are known for

A

-waterproofing
-resistance to immune cells
-ex:mycobacteria

74
Q

Saturated fats

A

-straight chains to form a solid fat

75
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

-bent chained that produce oils

76
Q

What is the predominant macromolecule in cells

A

Protein

77
Q

What is the monomer of protein and what bonds does it have

A

-Amino acids
-peptide bonds

78
Q

Primary structure

A

-sequence of amino acids

79
Q

Secondary structure

A

-A helix
-B pleated sheets
-folding of chain into sheets

80
Q

Tertiary structure

A

-3d folding
-side chain interactions

81
Q

Quaternary structure

A

-more than one amino acid chain
-has active sites

82
Q

What is the only macromolecule that does not have a polymer

A

Lipids

83
Q

What are most lipids made of

A

-glycerol and fatty acids

84
Q

What is the most complex macromolecule

A

Lipids

85
Q

What does amphipathic mean

A

-both polar and nonpolar parts in the molecule

86
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

Microbio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions