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PSYC 110 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dualism (History)

A

Mind and body are separate (Mind-Body Problem)

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2
Q

Monism (History)

A

Mind comes from body (Mind-Body Problem)

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3
Q

Nativism (History)

A

Innate (Human Knowledge)

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4
Q

Empiricism (History)

A

Through experiences (Human knowledge)

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5
Q

Wundt & Structuralism (History)

A

Believed mind could be mapped out
Used introspection (examination of emotions and feeling): not valid
First psychological laboratory

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6
Q

James & Functionalism (History)

A

Why we feel or do the things we do
Goal: explanation rather than experimental control

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7
Q

Freud & Psychoanalytic Theory (History)

A

Goal: gain access to unconscious in order to understand problems
First person to think Mental Health
Psychoanalysis: free association (laying in chair therapy)

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology (History)

A

Seeing things as a whole

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9
Q

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, & Behaviorism (History)

A

Refined psychology as the study of observable behavior.
Impossible to objectively analyze what you can’t see

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10
Q

Humanism (History)

A

Idea that all humans have innate potential for good
Behaviors are motivated in hierarchical fashion (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)
Behavior pulled towards future not past

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11
Q

Biological (Approaches)

A

Behavior and mental processes largely shaped by biological factors

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12
Q

Evolutionary (Approaches)

A

By evolution through natural selection

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13
Q

Psychodynamic (Approaches)

A

Reflect unconscious conflict

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14
Q

Behavioral (Approaches)

A

Observable behavior

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15
Q

Cognitive (Approaches)

A

How behavior is affected by our mental processes

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16
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Deeper thinking w/ evidence

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17
Q

Deductive (Reasoning, Problem Solving)

A

Formal reasoning
Using logic/observations to deduce a conclusion

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18
Q

Inductive (Reasoning, Problem Solving)

A

Informal reasoning
Assessing the believability of a conclusion based on available evidence

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19
Q

Anchoring Heuristic

A

Anchoring Bias
When an existing idea impacts a conclusion in the presence of new info

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20
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Something is part of a group because of its similarity to other things in that group

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21
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood/correctness of something based on what easily it comes to mind (like fears of plane crashes or sharks)

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22
Q

Means-End Analysis (Strategies)

A

How far away are you from your goal?

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23
Q

Incubation (Strategies)

A

Setting a problem aside and coming back to it later (like doing homework and coming back to it later)

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24
Q

Work Backward (Strategies)

A

Start at the goal and then work toward beginning steps

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25
Q

Analogies (Strategies)

A

Using similar strategies for similar problems

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26
Q

Divergent Thinking (Strategies)

A

Thinking of many different solutions for a problem

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27
Q

Multiple Hypothesis (Obstacles)

A

Having multiple ideas about a solution

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28
Q

Mental Sets (Obstacles)

A

Old patterns or ways of doing things tend to persistI

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29
Q

Ignore Negative Evidence (Obstacles)

A

Ignoring evidence that goes against a hypothesis or the absence of evidence

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30
Q

Confirmation Bias (Obstacles)

A

Prioritizing evidence that confirms a hypothesis

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31
Q
  1. Identify the Problem (Research Process)
A

“What are we trying to address?”

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32
Q
  1. Review the literature (Research Process)
A

“What has already been done?”
Theory/Theoretical frame

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33
Q
  1. Research Question and Hypothesis (Research Process)
A

“What are our questions?”
“What are our predictions?”
Hypothesis: Specific and testable (See what’s wrong)

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34
Q
  1. Choosing the Study Design (Research Process)
A

What you’re doing to get your answer

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35
Q

Naturalistic Observation (Study Designs)

A

Watching and recording behavior “Out in the Wild”

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36
Q

Case Study (Study Design)

A

Study examining a specific group, person, or situation

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37
Q

Behavioral Genetics (Study Designs)

A

“How might genes shape behavior?” Family studies

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38
Q

Nature vs Nurture (Study Designs)

A

Twin studies
Adoption studies

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39
Q

Surveys (Study Designs)

A

Using questionaries, interviews, or self reports

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40
Q

Cross-Sectional (Study Designs)

A

Measuring at one time point

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41
Q

Longitudinal (Study Designs)

A

Multiple time points
(Seeing things over a time period)

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42
Q

Correlation (Study Designs)

A

Strength and direction of a relationship between 2 variables

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43
Q

Correlation Coefficient (Study Designs)

A

Between -1 and 1
Increasing x-axis and y-axis increases = (POSITIVE CORRELATION)
Decreasing x-axis and y axis = NEGATIVE CORRELATION
Closer a value is shows strengths

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44
Q

Experiments (Study Designs)

A

Examining the effect of X on Y while controlling for all other variables
Independent Variables: Manipulated or controlled
Dependent Variable: Measured during the manipulation
Experimental Group: Exposed to something that is of interest to the researcher
Control Group: Not exposed to anything

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45
Q

Empirical Relationship (Causality)

A

Has to be a relationship in someway (x to y)

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46
Q

Temporal Precedence (Causality)

A

x has to occur before y

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47
Q

Non spuriousness (Causality)

A

Z does not impact relationship between x and y

48
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency
Getting same or similar results each time

49
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy
Measuring what we actually want to measure

50
Q

Confounds (Threats to Validity)

A

Other factors or variables that may cause changes

51
Q

Random Variables (Threats to Validity, Confounds)

A

Uncontrolled Factors (weather)

52
Q

Participant Expectations (Threats to Validity, Confounds)

A

Placebo effect
Accounting for expectations and deception

53
Q

Experimenter Bias (Threats to Validity, Confounds)

A

Double-blind design: Both participants and experimenter are unaware of the experimental groups

54
Q
  1. Choosing the Sample (Research Process)
A

Sampling

55
Q

Representative Sampling (Choosing the Sample)

A

Choosing a sample that best captures characteristics of population

56
Q

Random Sampling (Choosing the Sample)

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

57
Q

Biased Samples (Choosing the Sample)

A

Everyone in population does NOT have an equal chance of being selected

58
Q

Informed Consent (Choosing the Sample, Ethical Consideration)

A

Telling participants what they do or any risk involved as part of the study

59
Q

Debriefing (Choosing the Sample, Ethical Consideration)

A

Revealing the purpose(s) of the study or if any deception was used

60
Q
  1. Data Collection (Research Process)
A

Collecting data

61
Q
  1. Processing and Analyzing the Data (Research Process)
A

Look at what was found

62
Q

Descriptive Statistics (Processing and Analyzing the Data)

A

Mean, Median, Mode

63
Q

Inferential Statistics (Processing and Analyzing the Data)

A

Mathematical procedures to help draw conclusions

64
Q

Statistical Significance (Processing and Analyzing the Data)

A

When odds of getting a result is greater than chance alone (P values)

65
Q
  1. Write up results and submit (Research Process)
A

Final step of research process

66
Q

Neurons (Nervous System)

A

Nerves that send messages all through the body

67
Q

Neurotransmitters (Neurons)

A

Chemicals that transmit

68
Q

Dendrites (Neurons)

A

Receive messages from other neurons

69
Q

Cell Body (Neurons)

A

Houses nucleus, outer membrane, mitochondria

70
Q

Membrane Channels (Neurons)

A

allows some ions to flow in and out of cell

71
Q

Axon (Nervous System)

A

Fibers where electrical signal is carried

72
Q

Action Potential (Nervous System)

A

Abrupt wave of electrical discharge that moves down the axon

73
Q

Axon Terminal (Nervous System)

A

Where neurotransmitters are released to neighboring neuron

74
Q

Synapse (Nervous System)

A

Gap between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another

75
Q

Reuptake (Nervous System)

A

Some neurotransmitters reabsorbed by first neuron

76
Q

Depolarizing (Excitatory, Types of Neurotransmitters)

A

Moves the cell towards an action potential and makes the neuron more positively charged
Action potential MORE LIKELY

77
Q

Hyperpolarizing (Inhibitory, Types of Neurotransmitters)

A

Makes neuron more negatively charged
Keeps neuron at or below resting potential
Action potential LESS LIKELY

78
Q

Acetylcholine (Type of Neurotransmitter)

A

Excitatory
Muscle function, learning and memory, attention
Too Much: Muscle Spasms, Salivation, muscle weakening, blurred vision, paralysis
Too Little: Learning and memory impairments, links to dementia and Alzheimer’s

79
Q

Norepinephrine (Type of Neurotransmitter)

A

Excitatory
Flight or fight response, alertness, peak during stress, lowest during sleep
Too Much: Anxiety, high blood pressure, excessive sweating
Too Little: Energy levels are lower, concentration difficulties, low mood

80
Q

Glutamate (Type of Neurotransmitter)

A

Excitatory
Learning, memory, brain’s main excitatory neuron
Too Much: Migraines, seizures
Too Little: Psychosis, insomnia, concentration problems, mental exhaustion

81
Q

Serotonin (Types of Neurotransmitters)

A

Inhibitory
Mood, regulating anxiety, appetite, sleep cycles
Too Much: Hallucinations
Too Little: Low mood, fatigue

82
Q

Dopamine (Types of Neurotransmitters)

A

Inhibitory
Reward sensitivity, motivation, movement
Too Much: Competitive behavior, aggression, poor impulse control
Too Little: Links to Parkinson’s

83
Q

Gaba (Types of Neurotransmitters)

A

Inhibitory
Regulates sleep-wake cycle, brain functions, main inhibitory neurotransmitter
Too Much: Hypersomnia, low energy
Too Little: Anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, linked to Huntington’s

84
Q

Hindbrain (Central Nervous System)

A

Controls bp, heart rate, breathing, digestion, other vital functions
First part of brain developed
Connected to spinal cord
Includes: Medulla Oblongata- Breathing
Cerebellum- motor coordination

85
Q

Midbrain (Central Nervous System)

A

Relays info from eyes, ears, skin
Controls certain types of automatic behaviors (Sleep/wake cycles, arousal, temp. regulation)

86
Q

Forebrain (Central Nervous System)

A

Controls complex human functions
Memory, language, emotions, regulation, sensory processing, thinking

87
Q

Thalamus (Central Nervous System)

A

Sensory relay station (where does it need to go)

88
Q

Hypothalamus (Central Nervous System)

A

Regulates basic drives like hunger and thirst

89
Q

Amygdala (Central Nervous System)

A

Associates features of stimuli involved in memory and emotionH

90
Q

Hippocampus (Central Nervous System)

A

Makes new memories

91
Q

Occipital Lobe (Central Nervous System)

A

Vision center
Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes

92
Q

Temporal Lobe (Central Nervous System)

A

Hearing and complex vision
Hearing and language comprehension
Speech, face, word recognition
Memory formation

93
Q

Parietal Lobe (Central Nervous System)

A

Touch and awareness
Integration of sensory info
Touch and temp
Inputs from multiple senses
Eye movement
spatial mapping and attention
Hand and eye coordination

94
Q

Frontal Lobe (Central Nervous System)

A

Higher cognitive function
Thinking, planning, personality, emotions, judgement, impulse

95
Q

Lateralization (Lateralization of Function)

A

Cognitive functions tend to be on certain side of brain than other
Left Hemisphere: speech comprehension
Right Hemisphere: Tone of voice

96
Q

Corpus Callosum (Lateralization of Function)

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in center of brain- connecting left and right
Left controls right
Right controls left

97
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

brain physically changes as a result of experience and learning

98
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Left hemisphere
Temporal Lobe
Speech comprehension

99
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Difficulties understanding speech

100
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Left hemisphere
Frontal Lobe
Speech production

101
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulties speech production

102
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System
TRANSMITS info from senses to CNS
CARRIES
Ex: touching a candle

103
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System
CARRIES messages from CNS to various organs: heart, lungs, and glands

104
Q

Sympathetic

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Network of nerves that helps your body activate “fight or flight”

105
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Relaxes your body in times of stress or danger

106
Q

Sense

A

System that translate info from world to brain

107
Q

Sensation

A

messages received from senses

108
Q

Steps of Sensation

A
  1. Stimulus: hits accessory structures
  2. Transduction: converting stimulus (energy) into neural message
  3. Receptors to CNS
  4. Neural info to Thalamus
  5. We experience sensation
109
Q

Encoding

A

Translating specific parts of stimulus into neural message

110
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Smallest amount of a stimulus that we are able to detect 50% of the time

111
Q

Internal Noise

A

Random firing of nervous cells in nervous system

112
Q

Response Bias

A

Each person’s motivation/willingness to respond to specific stimulus

113
Q

Sight

A

Uses waves

114
Q

Amplitude

A

Peak of waves

115
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between 2 peaks

116
Q

Frequency

A

How many peaks and valleys on wave

117
Q
A

PSYC 110 (1 decks)

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