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S1: Microbio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Please choose the microorganisms that are prokaryotic

A

bacteria
archaea

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2
Q

Which of the following are possible reasons why antibiotics do not target eukaryotic (human) cells?

A

Prokaryotes have ribosomal subunits 50 and 30
Eukaryotic cells do not have a cell wall

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3
Q

T/F: Bacteria contain mitochondria

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: The ribosomes found in prokaryote and eukaryote cells are different such that antibiotics can selectively target ribosomes in prokaryotes and not harm eukaryotes

A

True

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5
Q

What is not a positive benefit derived from microorganisms?

A

Stomach ulcers

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6
Q

Which possibly pathogenic entity is a protein that can cause similar brain proteins to fold incorrectly?

A

Prion

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7
Q

Which entity can have a structure called a “capsid” as seen in Lecture 1?

A

Virus

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8
Q

What is the term used to describe viruses that infect bacteria?

A

Bacteriophages

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9
Q

T/F: A “naked” virus can have a capsid

A

True

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10
Q

T/F: A virus with an envelope is more resistant to a disinfectant than a virus with just a capsid

A

False

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11
Q

What is transcription?

A

Making RNA from DNA

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12
Q

What kind of molecules are viral spike proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

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13
Q

T/F: Viruses are alive

A

False

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14
Q

What technique can be used to detect the presence of a positive strand (+) RNA virus

A

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

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15
Q

What technique can be used to detect the presence of a double strand DNA virus

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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16
Q

What molecule does the SARS-CoV2 (COVID19) virus bind to on human cells?

A

ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2)

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17
Q

For most commercial antigen tests, how many bands (ignoring baseline) indicate a positive result and why?

A

Two bands, one being a disease marker protein and the other a positive control.

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18
Q

What is it called when double stranded DNA is heated to cause the formation of two single strand DNAs?

A

Denaturation

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19
Q

What is it called when red blood cells (RBCs) treated with a virus are no longer able to bind to one another and spread out?

A

Hemagglutination

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20
Q

Since antigens can be proteins, what is the method called that can separate proteins on a gel made of polyacrylamide (a type of crosslinked molecules) so that they can be identified and characterized?

A

Western Blot

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21
Q

T/F: In some instances, virus infection of eukaryotic host cells can cause changes in the cells that can be seen by microscopy

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: Mutations of viral genetic material, DNA or RNA, commonly occur when a virion (an infectious particle) is not in a host cell but rather as on a table surface, in a water droplet, etc.

A

False

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23
Q

T/F: Viruses cannot be grown in chicken eggs as commonly sold in grocery stores

A

True

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24
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that evokes an immune response

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25
Q

What kind of vaccine is a vaccine that contains proteins that appear on the surface of a virus, such as HA, or NA, or spike proteins?

A

Subunit Vaccine

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26
Q

How is the genetic information of a Herpes virus encoded?

A

Double Stranded (ds) DNA

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27
Q

What herpes virus is associated with chicken pox?

A

Varicella zoster

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28
Q

What kind of drug would inhibit the incorporation of viral DNA into human DNA?

A

Integrase Inhibitor

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29
Q

What does a viral protease inhibitor do?

A

Prevents cutting of a long viral protein into multiple shorter proteins

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30
Q

Why can the COVID19 virus upon infection of a human cell have its genetic material be translated by ribosomes into proteins right away?

A

Because it is a positive strand (+) RNA virus

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31
Q

What happens when an infection caused by a herpes simplex virus 1 is treated with a neuramidase inhibitor?

A

Nothing happens

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32
Q

What is the genus of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Staphylococcus

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33
Q

Which bacteria is expected to be purple on Gram staining?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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34
Q

What bacteria is expected to stain pink upon Gram staining?

A

Shigella sonnei

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35
Q

What structure does a bacterum not have?

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

What structure is associated with the ability for bacteria to exchange plasmid DNA?

A

Fimbriae (pili)

37
Q

T/F: Bacteria have two types of circular DNA, chromosomal and plasmid.

A

True

38
Q

What molecule is only associated with Gram positive bacteria?

A

Teichoic Acid

39
Q

What molecule is used to crosslink the peptidoglycan layers in Gram negative but not Gram positive bacteria?

A

meso Diaminopimelic Acid (mDAP)

40
Q

What bacteria would not be hurt by treatment with a penicillin drug that prevents the proper construction of bacterial cell walls?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

41
Q

What could happen when a Bacillus species such as Bacillus anthracis is denied nutrients to grow?

A

The bacteria could form spores

42
Q

What is happening during the “Log Phase” of the bacterial life cycle?

A

Bacteria are dividing more rapidly than they are dying

43
Q

Based on the lecture, what is the answer to this question? Beginning with a bacterial culture containing 10 organisms per mL and assuming a generation time of 45 minutes (0.75 hours), approximately how long would it take for there to be 10,000,000 cells in the population?

A

30 hours

44
Q

What time is listed as the generation time for E.coli grown in glucose medium?

A

17 mintues

45
Q

A bacteria grown in thioglycollate broth is observed to only gather at the bottom of the test tube. What kind of bacteria is it?

A

Obligate anaerobe

46
Q

A bacteria grown in thioglycollate broth is observed to grow throughout the test tube with most gathering near the top. What kind of bacteria is it?

A

Facultative anaerobe

47
Q

A bacteria grown in thioglycollate broth is observed to grow evenly throughout the test tube. What kind of bacteria is it?

A

Aerotolerant

48
Q

What kind of bacteria normally live in the human gastrointestinal tract?

A

Mesophiles

49
Q

A bacterial culture taken from a patient with a localized skin infection tests positive for catalase enzyme function. What bacteria is most likely the cause of the infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

50
Q

A patient is presenting with a sore throat, fever, and headache and does not have diarrhea. A gram stain indicates for many purple colored bacteria being present. What bacteria is the most likely cause of their problems?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

51
Q

What type of molecule does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria use to sense the number of other Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria nearby and guide it to form a biofilm?

A

AHLs (acyl-homoserine lactones)

52
Q

Protects genetic information from mechanical and chemical damage

A

Capsid

53
Q

Lipid bilayer that protects genetic information and help in immune system evasion

A

Envelope

54
Q

RNA/DNA, delivered to host cell to be expressed by host cell for viral replication

A

Genome

55
Q

(spike proteins) recognize host cell receptors

A

glycoproteins

56
Q

What type of RNA can be used by ribosomes as a template to make proteins?

A

rRNA

57
Q

What is the consequence of the integration step in the HIV replication cycle?

A

Viral DNA is permanently integrated into host cell DNA

58
Q

Plaques form when virus is spread onto a lawn of bacteria, infects the bacteria, grows, and then lyse (burst open) the bacteria. Plaque forming units (PFU) is determined by counting the number of plaques produced by a known volume of a virus containing solution that infect the bacteria. What kind of virus can be analyzed using PFUs?

A

Bacteriophages

59
Q

What serological test uses an enzyme-labeled antibody to bind directly to a target antigen?

A

Direct ELISA

60
Q

What disease is associated with Herpes simplex type 1 virus?

A

Cold Sores

61
Q

What disease is associated with Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Lymphoma

62
Q

What kind of virus is a herpes virus?

A

Double strand DNA (dsDNA)

63
Q

What does the HIV virus make that human cells do not that is a target for anti-HIV protease inhibitor drugs?

A

Polyprotein precursor

64
Q

What step in HIV replication causes viral DNA to be inserted into human DNA?

A

Integration

65
Q

What is the shape of a bacteria called a “bacillus”?

A

Rod-Shaped

66
Q

What is the shape of a bacteria called a “vibrio”?

A

Rigid, curved

67
Q

What is the shape of a bacteria called a “spirochetes”?

A

Thin, flexibly coilea

68
Q

What is the expected appearance of Streptococcus bacteria?

A

Spheres in Chains

69
Q

What is the expected appearance of Staphylococcus bacteria?

A

Spheres in irregular clusters

70
Q

What bacterial structure consists of strands of protein outside of cell that can allow bacteria to adhere to each other and host cells?

A

Fimbriae (pili)

71
Q

Label the structure of the Cytomegalovirus

A

1: Glycoprotein
2: Genome
3. Capsid
4: Envelope

72
Q

Why can unfertilized chicken eggs not be used to grow viruses?

A

Only fertilized eggs have active DNA replication and RNA translation processes

73
Q

What is the initial kind of molecule used as a template for the Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)?

A

RNA

74
Q

What kind of bacterial membrane will stain pink in a Gram stain?

A

A membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two plasma membranes

75
Q

What bacterial structure can allow bacteria to move freely in a liquid?

A

Flagella

76
Q

What bacterial structure can shield them from the human immune system?

A

Capsule

77
Q

What structure can bacteria have that human eukaryotic cells do not?

A

Flagella

78
Q

What molecule do Gram positive bacteria have that Gram negative bacteria do not?

A

Teichoic acid

79
Q

What molecule do Gram negative bacteria have that Gram positive bacteria do not?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

80
Q

What do bacteria categorized as Mycoplasma not have?

A

Cell Walls

81
Q

What is a comma-shaped, oxidase-positive bacteria that grows at 42oC?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

82
Q

What is a bacilli that cannot ferment lactose, does not have oxidase activity, but does produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?

A

Salmonella entrica

83
Q

Beginning with a bacterial culture containing 10 organisms per mL and assuming a generation time of 45 minutes (0.75 hours), approximately how long would it take for there to be 10,000,000 cells in the population?

A

30 hours

84
Q

What is characteristic of a facultative anaerobic bacteria?

A

Can grow with or without oxygen because they can have mechanisms to produce energy both aerobically and anaerobically

85
Q

What is characteristic of an obligate aerobic bacteria?

A

Can only grow in the presence of oxygen

86
Q

What is the difference between aerotolerant bacteria and obligate anaerobic bacteria?

A

Aerotolerant bacteria are not poisoned by oxygen

87
Q

What bacteria does not produce a toxin?

A

Vibrio cholerae

88
Q

What is a Gram negative, non-spore forming bacteria transmitted by fleas that causes 30-90% deaths if untreated, also known as the bubonic plague.

A

Yersinia pestis

S1: Microbio (2 decks)

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