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Nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a diet?

A

A normal pattern of eating

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2
Q

Who determines recommendations?

A

Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine

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3
Q

What does DRI stand for?

A

Dietary Reference Intake

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4
Q

EAR?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

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5
Q

RDA

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances

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6
Q

AI stand for?

A

Adequate Intake

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7
Q

UL

A

Tolerable Upper Intake level

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8
Q

What is used for the average nutrient requirement for a healthy population? It is the amount of nutrient required to meet the needs of 50% of the population.

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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9
Q

What is used for the nutrient amount required to meet the needs of 97% of the population and is a goal for individuals not populations?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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10
Q

What is the optimal level of nutrient for an individual?

A

Somewhere between RDA and UL.

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11
Q

What is used for nutrient recommendation when insufficient evidence to calculate EAR or RDA? It is determined by observation and is a goal for indiviaduals

A

Adequate Intake (AI)

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12
Q

Highest nutrient level unlikely to cause adverse effects

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

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13
Q

What percent of calories should be from carbs?

Fat?

Protein?

A

45-65

20-35

10-35

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14
Q

How do you calculate Calories?

A

Total fat X 9
Total carbs X 4
Protein X 4

Add together

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15
Q

How do I calculate %Calories from saturated fat?

A

Saturated fat X 9

Divide by total CAL

X 100%

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16
Q

DV is based of of what?

RDI is used for what?

DRV is used for what?

A

2000 Cal diet for populations

Vitamins and minerals

Macronutrients and electrolytes

17
Q

<5 mg/serving for sodium can make what label claim?

A

“Free”

18
Q

< 3g/serving and <140 mg/serving sodium

A

“Low”

19
Q

25% less Cal, fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugars than reference product

A

“Reduced”

20
Q

How are ingredients listed on package?

A

By weight from most to least used

21
Q

Are vitamins organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

22
Q

Are they essential or no?

A

Essential

23
Q

Required in small amounts for normal what?

A

Physiological function

24
Q

Pellagra, Burning feet syndrome, and kasha’s disease are examples of what types of deficiency?

Increased risks of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancer?

A

Clinical deficiency

Subclinical deficiency

25
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins ?
How many g of fat needed to digest and absorb?

Mechanism of absorption?

Stored where?

A

ADEK

5 - 10g fat for bile sec. in digest and absorption

Passive diffusion

Liver and adipose tissue

26
Q

Fat-rich chyme in enters the SI to signal CCK which does what?

A

Stimulates gallbladder contraction causing bile secretion through the Sphincter of Oddi to SI

27
Q

What function is Retinol associated with?

Retinal?

Retinoic acid?

A

Reproduction and growth

Vision

Cell differentiation

28
Q

Where are Preformed vitamin A found?

What is a retinol ester?

A

Animal products like dairy, liver, and fish

Retinol with FA attached

29
Q

Where are Proformed Vit A found?

When are they used?

How much more is needed to equal preformed activity?

A

Plant products orange, yellow and red colors

When not enough pro formed

12x

30
Q

What percent or Retinol Esters are absorbed?

A

80

31
Q

Describe Vitamin A absorption

A
  1. Free retinol. FA, and carotenoids are absorbed as part of micelles by passive diffusion in SI. Retinol bound by CRBP in enterocyte
  2. FA are reesterfied to retinol by lecithin: retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) reforming a RE
  3. RE and carotenoids are packaged into chylomicrons and sent through the lymph system.
32
Q

What percent of Vit. A is absorbed from raw veggies?

Cooked veggies?

A

5%

60%

33
Q

If retinol intake is low what happens with Vit. A absorption?

A

Carotenoids are metabolized into 2 retinals

Retinal is then either bound by CRBP, reduced to retinol, esterfied via LRAT and incorporated into chylomicons

OR

Oxidized to retinoid acid and travels to liver bound to albumin

34
Q

If retinol intake is adequate what happens with Vit A absorption?

A

Carotenoids are incorporated into chylomicrons

35
Q

Patients with low protein status cannot do what when it comes to vitamin A absorption?

This leads to low circulating Vit A and must correct protein deficiency first!

A

Mobilize retinol out of the liver

36
Q

Vitamin A is highly concentrated in which cells of the retina?

A

Rods

37
Q

Vit A cell differentiation function takes Keratinocytes (immature skin cells) and takes them to what?

A

Mature epidermal cells

38
Q

Vit. A deficiency stimulates what bone cells?

Excessive Vit. A stimulates?

A

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Nutrition (2 decks)

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