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1504 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

Segment for each pair of nerves= 31 segments

c=8

t=12

l=5

s=5

c=1

-surrounded by meninges—three membrane wrappings

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1
Q

Ventral Root

A
  • carries MOTOR–EFFERENT away from spinal cord. cell bodies of motor are within the gray matter of the spinal cord.
  • Somatic Motor= voluntary, w/in all ventral roots (skeletal/striated)
  • Visceral Motor- involuntary. only in certain ventral roots —T1-L2 for sympathetic and S2-S4 for parasympathetic (preganglionic)
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1
Q

Spinal Nerve Proper

A
  • mixed spinal nerve, by union of dorsal and ventral nerve roots
  • occurs just external to IV foramen or at points of exit
  • spinal nerves carry somatic motor, sympathetic, and sensory fibers
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1
Q

C1 Exit

A
  • between atlas vertebra and skull, posterior to alantooccipital
  • no IV disc or zygapop there as boundaries
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2
Q

Muscle Fibers

A
  • w/in fascicle bundles that may have fleshy attachment direct to bone or attach to bone via tendon
  • the force the muscle exerts is proportional to area of fibers
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3
Q
  • Soma
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • RER
  • Golgi
  • Mitochondria
  • Neurofibrils
A
  • houses nucleus and organelles: function growth, & maintenance
  • large, vesicular, little heterchromatine (light stain)
  • prominent, dark (bc of basophilic Nissl)
  • not there w/ injury, makes proteiins
  • packaging
  • meatbolic enzymes for energy production—uses cytoskeltan machinery
  • structural support and transport of neuro trans
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3
Q

CNS Neurons

A

come from neuroepithelial cells, lining central canal of neural tube. continue to form until mo. 6.

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3
Q

Coulombs law

A

-strength of electric field depends on number of charges being separated and inversely the square of the distance between them

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4
Q

Spinal Column

A
  • cervical- 7
  • thoracic- 12
  • lumbar-5
  • sacral-5—fused=sacrum
  • coccygeal-3-4—fused= coccyx

“can they leave some cookies”

total =33

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5
Q

1-median plane

2-sagittal plane

3-coronal (frontal) plane

4-horizontal (transverse) plane

A

1-passes right down the center, vertically, into equal halves

2-vertically, parallel to median, but is unequal halves

3- vertical planes that go through body at right angles to median= front and back halves of body

4-superior and inferior halves

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5
Q

Bone

A
  • rigid, supporting framework
  • protects viscera
  • movement/attachment for ligaments/muscles
  • storehouse for minerals/inorganic salts
  • contains red bone marrow
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6
Q
  1. Excitability/Irritability
  2. Conductivity
  3. Transmission
A
  1. Responds to stimuli by altering electrical difference= AP
  2. Spreads AP throughout the neuron
  3. Transmits signals from 1 neuron to another neuron via synapses
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6
Q
  • Axon Hillock
  • synapse
  • electrical synapse
A
  • first part to emergy from soma and doesnt have nissl (so stains light)
  • place where 1 neuron (presyn) commuicates with another neuron (postsyn)= neuromuscular junction
  • where ions pass from neuron to neuron
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6
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

-Ex=diffusion potential where net ion flux=zero, from neutralization of chemical and electrical forces<br></br>-diffusion K out of cell= self limiting<br></br>-neg charge w/in cell bc of K efflux attracts positive K back into cell<br></br>-large neg charge w./in cell (Ex) so K diffuses back in (electric force) at same rate they diffused out bc of conc diff<br></br>-Ek=net flux of K across membrane= 0 influx=efflux<br></br>-Ex depends on conc gradient of ion, not on permeability of membrane<br></br>-permeable to only ONE type of ion then membrane potential will move to Ex of that ion

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6
Q

Nernst

A
  • calculates equilibrium potential (Ex) for a given set of ion con INSIDE and OUTSIDE the cell
  • K= -92
  • Na= +60
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7
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A
  • united by hyaline/fibrous cartilage
  • synchondrosis- united by hyaline—epiphyseal plate
  • symphysis- articulating bones covered by hyaline and cartilage surfaces are united with fibrous. pubic symphasis
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7
Q

Arachnoid Mater- spidery mother

A
  • delicate/transparent
  • slender= arachnoid trabeculae= membrane to pia mater
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7
Q

Dendritic Spines

A
  • high synaptic activity
  • lots of NT receptors
  • sensitive to amt of synaptic activity
  • altered w/ dysfunction
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7
Q
  1. Astrocytes
A
  1. largest/abundant neuroglia. Star shaped.
    • ​maintain blood brain barier.
    • protoplasmic= gray matter
    • fibrous astrocytes= white matter
    • form scary in response to injury
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7
Q

Part 1—AP
1-RMP
2-Threshold
3-Upstroke
4-Overshoot

A

1-background K open while few VG Na open
2-given by activation threshold of VG Na…when critical number of Na channels open=positive feedback loop= depolarization
3-net Na influx through open VG Na channels
4-large Na influx takes membrane towards Ena w/o reaching it bc Na channels inactivate quickly

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8
Q

Thoracic- costal hemifacets

A
  • small articular surface on lateral vertebral bodies w/ sup/inferior pairs
  • head of ribs 2-9 articulate w/ 2 hemifacets each
  • T2-T10
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8
Q

Lumbar Movements

A

FACETS- MEDIALLY & LATERALLY

  • flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
  • extension & lateral = most extensive
  • no rotation
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9
Q
  • ROOTS
  • RAMI
A
  • ONLY sensory OR motor
  • ALL types of fibers—sensory, somatic, sympathetic, mixed
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10
Q

Cervical C2—Axis

A

Dens-odontoid process- body -is the body of C1

  • ARTICULAR facet on ANTERIOR aspect for ARTICULATION w/ ANTERIOR ARCH of atlas
  • inferior facets on zygapophyses, but not superior facets
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10
Q
A

motor endplate

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10
Q
A

Multipolar neurons w/ multiple dendrites

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10
Q

1- Cranial Motor Nerves
2-Cranial Sensory Nerves

A

1-w/in 3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12 w/in gray matter of mid/hind brain from neuroepithelial
2-1,2,5,7,8,9,10 from neural crest and thickening of ectoderm/ectodermal placode

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11
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • heart shaped body w/ circular vertebral foramina
  • spinous process= long/flat. INFERIORLY
  • SUPERIOR articular facets= POSTERIOR
  • INFERIOR articular facets= ANTERIOR
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13
Q
  1. Axon
  2. Fiber
  3. Nerve
A
  1. cellular level- process from neuronal cell body
  2. tissue level-axon w/ myelin
  3. organ level-group of fibers w/ CT wrapping
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14
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • most common, most movement
  • covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
  • split via joint cavity
  • articulation enclosed by articular capsule w/ fibrous outer and inner synovial
  • if joint is inflamed= lots of synovial fluid produced, sometimes will protrude past capsule to make a pocked—bursa
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14
Q
  • Primary Curvature
  • Secondary Curvature
A
  • Concave Anteriory: T & S
  • Cocave Posteriorly: C & L
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15
Q

Closure of neural tube

1-Neuroepithelial layer
2-Mantle Layer
3-Marginal Layer

A

1-ventricular/ependymal layer—innermost. stem cells for the CNS. Give rise too: neuroblasts—future neurons and gliablasts—future neuroglia
2-surround ventricular and consists of cell bodies of neuroblasts—forms fray matter
3-outermost layer—myelinated axons that form white matter

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16
Q

Epidural Space

A
  • around
  • between dura mater and vertebrae
  • filled w/ soft fat and thin veins
  • w/in braincase = fused to periosteum…no fat filled epidural here
  • anesthetic= injected into sacral epidural space via sacral hiatus =numb sacral for birth
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17
Q

Spinal Nerves
2-Sensory Neurons

A
  • from neuroblast from neural crest cells w/in dorsal region
  • central sensory process- proximal-penetrate dorsal portion of neural tube and end w/in dorsal horn to synapse w/ interneurons or go through marginal layer. central processes= dorsal sensory root of spinal cord
  • peripheral sensory process- distal- migrate to target
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18
Q

1-long bone

2-short bone

3-flat bone

4-irregular bone

5-sesamoid bone

6-accessory bone

A

1-tubular w/ marrow cavity

2-cuboidal in wrist/ankle

3-squamous bone. protect/reinforce. w/in skull, ribs, sternum

4-all skull bones that aren’t flat, vertebrae, and hip

5-w/in tendons at where tendons cross long bones, patella, protect from excessive wear

6-extra bones from additional ossification centers

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18
Q

Thoracic Movements

A

FACETS- ANTERIORLY & POSTERIORLY

  • rotation
  • lateral is limited bc of rib attachment
  • flexion= nonexistent
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19
Q

Cervical Vertebrae-C3-C6

A
  • transverse foramina= transmit vertebral arteries
  • anterior & posterior tubercles
  • small bodies w/ delicate arches
  • bifid spinous process —w/in C7(vertebra prominen)= long and skinny
  • Articular facets= SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
  • uncinate—flexion and extension, limits lateral
  • shake no = C1—>C2
  • nod yes= C1—> skull
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20
Q

Imporatance of Na/K ATPase pump

A
  • pumps K back into cell and Na out of cell
  • electrogenic—3 Na out and 2 K in
  • bind/unbind Na and K by changing affinity of site
  • ATP hydrolysis= energy for conformational change to move ions
  • passive flux of ions readjust to fix pump= normal conc
  • maintains RMP
  • rise in intra Na or rise in extra K= inc in pump
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22
Q

Wk 5-6
1-Prosencephalon
2-Mesencephalon
3-Rhombencephalon

A

1-telencephalon-cerebral & diencephalon (thalamus)
2-mesencephalon-midbrain
3-metencephalon (pons/cerebellum) & myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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23
Q

Cercical C1—atlas

A
  • supports head
  • ring shaped w/ no bony/spinous process
  • anterior arch= articular facet for dens (C2)
  • posterior arch= bilateral grooves for vertebral arteries
  • superior and inferior articular facts on lateral mass
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23
Q
A

Cervical Vertebrae

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24
Q

C2 Exit

A
  • between atlas and axis, posterior to lateral alantoaxial
  • no Iv disc or zygapop for boundaries but there is a ligamentum flavum boundary
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25
Q

​Multipolar neurons

A
  • most common—1 axon and multiple dendrites
  • motor neurons of spinal w/ random broad dendrites
  • pyramidal cells of cerebral w/ triangular soma, w/ 1 large apical dendrite and small basal dendrites
  • Purkinje of cerebellum are pear shaped soma w/ 2 apical dendrites that branch, has spines
  • autonomic- fairly round w/ think dendrites, delicate attachments to soma
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26
Q

Intervertebral Joints

A
  • Symphasis between fibrocartilage IV discs and articular surfaces of vertebral bodies
  • IV discs= weight bearing/strength and movement at joint
  • IV discs= 1/4th total length of column…aging= dehydration/degeneration of disk= height loss
  • no IV disc between C1 and C2
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26
Q

Diffusion to generate Resting Membrane…

A

causes no measurable change in ionic conc

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27
Q

Tendons

Ligaments

A
  • muscle to bone
  • bone to bone
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27
Q

Spinal Nerves
1-Motor Neurons

A

-from neuroepithelial from the mantle layer and become neuroblasts

  • fibers sproud from ventral horn at wk 4, and grow distally forming ventral nerve root of spinal cord
  • motor axons (fibers), elongate and migrate to target
  • postganglionic motor of ANS come from neural crest cells in wk 5
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28
Q

Superior & Inferior Articular Processes

A
  • articulation w/ vertebrae.
  • orientation determines movement
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29
Q

Lateral View of Column

A
  • 2 primary–kyphotic—newborn thoracic and sacrococcyx, concave anteriorly. curve bc of AP heights
  • 2 secondary—lordotic—acquired cervical (bc of head holding) and lumbar (bc of posture) concave posteriorly, curve bc of AP thickness of IV discs
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30
Q

Pia mater- tender mother

A
  • thin layer to outer surface of brain, spinal, and SN roots
  • filum internum- strong and runs from end of spinal to end of dural arachnoid
  • between dorsal and ventral roots= denticulate (toothy) ligaments, prevent twisting of cord and has points where it pins arachnoid to dura
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30
Q
A

Microglial Cell

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31
Q

1-Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

2-Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

3-Ligamentum Flavum

4-Supraspinous ligament

5-Interspinous Ligament

A

1-broad band along anterior surface of vertebral bodies & IV discs from occipital bone to sacrum, prevents hyperextension of column. can damage

2-thin band attached to POSTERIOR of vertebral bodies and IV discs from C2 to sacrum. resists hyperextension

3-paired ligaments at laminae on posterior wall of canal= posterior boundaries. Recoil in anterior flexion + posture

4-unites tips of spinous process—ligamentum nuchae w/in cervical

5- between bases of adjacent spinous processes-limits flexion

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32
Q
  1. Mesinners Corpuscle
  2. Pacinian Corpuscle
  3. Ruffini Ending
  4. Merkel Disk
  5. Ending Around Hair
A
  1. Globular, fluid filled, w/ epidermis + schwann
    • ​w/in fingertips…difference between fine touch…from restricted area
  2. ​best for vibration. Large—subcutaneous
    • concentric w/ fluid filled spaces/lamellae
  3. perception of grasped objects. Deep receptors w/in joints and palm
    • stretched skin…+ proprioception=aware
  4. disc shaped that innervate merkel cells—change in pressure
  5. longuitudinal neural process

​

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32
Q

1- Dorsal Neural Tube
2-Ventral Neural Tube

A

1-produces BMP in ectoderm, intiating production of BMP4 in the roof plate of neural tube. Cascades into TGFB proteins. More exposure at dorsal than ventral
2-notochorn expresses sonic hedgehog= production of shh in floor plate. so cells closer to floor= more shh than dorsal

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33
Q

Growth of Brain

A
  • neuron migration by radial glia cells–making cortex thicker
  • differentiation of cells, axonal growth, synaptogenesis/myelination…controlled by apop
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34
Q

Appendicular

A
  • upper and lower limbs
  • limb girdles—-scapula/clavicle, hip bone
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34
Q

Muscle Architecture

A

1-Parallel Fibered- fascicles run parallel to line of pull- trees major

2-Pennate- fascicles arranged in feather, oblique to pull. more fibers w/ more force—deltoid

3-Fan-like- similarities of both kinds—latissimus dorsi longer fibers= contract faster w/ less force shorter= contract slower w/ more force

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35
Q

1- Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis

2-Excessive Lumbar Lordosis

3-Scoliosis

4-Spina Bifida

A

1-inc in thoracic curvature—humpback= osteoporosis/rickets

2-inc in lumbar curvature—swayback—late preg

3-lateral curvature of spine–genetic defect/injury, w.in girls

4-split spine, incomplete closure of embryonic neural tubes= malformed.—asymptotic

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35
Q
  • CNS
  • PNS
  • cervical enlargement
  • lumbar enlargement
A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

ANS= viscera+ muscles SNS- structure in body wall -relates to upper limb

-relates to lower limb —tapered end= conus medullaris

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A
  • fusion of 4 vertebrae
  • remnant of tail
  • bodies of vertebrae only
  • no vertebral canal
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38
Q
A

Unipolar—retinal

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40
Q

Subdural space

A
  • between dura and arachnoid mater
  • contains only a film of water liquid to help stick together
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40
Q
A

Purkunjie Multipolar Neuron

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42
Q

PAIRED Posterior Spinal Artery

A
  • branch of vertebral artery or posteroinferior cerebellar artery
  • courses inferiorly down cord on pia mater, making anastomosing channels in pia mater
  • supplies posterior 1/3 of cord
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44
Q
A

Thoracic

A- Transverse Costal Facet

B- Spinous Process

C- Lamina

D-Transverse Process

E- Pedicle

F-Superior Articular Facet

G-Body

H-Superior Costal Facet—articulates w/ head of rib

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45
Q

Joint

A

an articulation, place of union or junction between bones. movement varies.

3 types: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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46
Q

Muscle Attachments

A
  • transverse process-protrude laterally
  • spinous process-protrudes posteriorly
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47
Q
A
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48
Q

C3- last lumbar Exit

A

-laterally. via IV foramina vertebral notches.

IV disc = anterior and ligamentum flavum + zygapop Posteriorly.

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49
Q

Depressed areas

A

fossae, cavities, antra, or fovae

  • Elongated= groove or sulcus -indented= notch…if bridges= foramen
  • Facets=flat areas where bones come together(covered by hyaline)
  • foramen- hole or passage through bone
  • meatus- opening in bone, w/ no exit
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49
Q

Dermatomes

A
  • segmental bands of cutaneous sensory innervation, one for each segment
  • consecutive dermatomes overlap each other so need to cut multiple to get sensory loss
  • dermatome maps= diagnosis
  • dermatome pattern= better for trunk
  • many cutaneous nerves w/in dermatome, sometimes many nerves in more than one dermatome
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49
Q

Wk 4

A
  • Neural tube defects—anencephaly & spina bifida
  • can be limited by taking folic acid
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51
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • Large Body & kidney shaped
  • Blunt Spinout Process that project POSTERIORLY
  • Articular processes= large
  • SUPERIOR articular facet= MEDIALLY and has mammillary
  • INFERIOR articular facet= LATERALLY
  • transverse process= long + skinny
  • Accessory process- between + inferior to mammillary & transverse
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52
Q

Vertebral Column & Spinal Column

A
  • W/in embryo= equal in length, but then vertebral column= faster than cord
  • cord birth ends at L3 body
  • adult cord ends inferiorly at L1-2 iV disc
  • adult: spinal cord is located superiorly, bc 7 cervical parts but 8 cervical nerves. (one above and below). -below conus medullaris= long dorsal and ventral roots = drooping= caudal equine (horse tail)
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54
Q
A

Unmyelinated

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4
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55
Q

Neuromuscular Synapse

A

Neuron muscle communication—fast and reliable. favorable, large synapse

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55
Q

Voltage Gated K channels

A
  • diff from background K—responsible for setting RMP
  • closed at RMP
  • open or closed, no inactivated
  • open when neuron depolarizes to -55mV
  • slow kinetics
  • return of membrane potential to rest= repolarization, favors oepn to close= deactivation
  • deactivation is also slower than Na
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56
Q

1-superficial

2-deep

3-medial

4-lateral

5-anterior/ventral

6-posterior/dorsal

7-superior

8-inferior

A

1-closer to surface

2-farther from surface

3-closer to median

4-farther from median

5-closer to front

6-closer to back

7-cranial—closer to head

8-caudal—closer to feet

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57
Q

Deep Fascia

A
  • separates individual muscle
  • covers muscles, ligaments, and skeletal
  • may be a part of the muscle or overlie it and not be a part of it
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59
Q

Spinal Cord Growth

A
  • Until mo 3 of fetus spinal cord and canal grow at same rate.
  • after mo 3= vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord
  • at birth= ends at L3
  • Adult spinal ends at L1-L2
60
Q
A
61
Q

Part 2—AP

1-repolarization
2-after hyperpolarization
3-RMP

A

1-prolonged depolarization, VG K open=large K efflux occurs making Em more negative
2-Na channels are inactivated and K open, the membrane is permeable ONLY to K, so membrane portential to eK
3-Na channels are reactivated= not zero…so Na leaks in making it less negative

62
Q

1-Spina Bifida
2-Anencephaly

A

1-failure of neural tube to close in the caudal portion of spinal cord
2-failure of neural tube to close in future cranial regions—partial absence of brain

63
Q
  1. Microglia
  2. Eppendeymal Cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Schwann Cells
  5. Satellite Cells
A
  1. phagocytic—mobilize towards injury and eat debris/foreign
  2. line brain ventricles. ciliated/cuboidal.
    • ​choroid plexus–>CSF, allowing for fluid exchance between CSF and brain
  3. ​​myelinate segments of axons, inhibits aberrant growth of axons—brain spinal cord only
  4. myelinate pripheral axons—one axon, not Schwann cells myelinate
  5. w/in ganglia. surround and nourish DRG and autonomic ganglia
63
Q
A
64
Q

Dorsal Root

A
  • carries SENSORY–AFFERENT towards the spinal cord
  • cell bodies of fibers are outside the spinal cord w/in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at distal end of dorsal root
  • w/in cervical area= ganglia extend lateral to IV foramina
  • w/in thoracic & lumbar= ganglia w/in foramina
  • Sacral=ganglia w/in sacral canal, medial to IV foramina
  • C1 has no dorsal root so C2 takes over sensory
66
Q
  • INC RMP for K
  • DEC RMP for K
  • INC RMP for Na
  • DEC RMP for Na
A
  • more neg, pulled down for more neg volume
  • less neg so RMP= pushed up
  • more pos RMP pulled up
  • more neg, RMP pushed down
68
Q
  1. Bipolar neurons
  2. Unipolar Neurons
  3. Pseudounipolar neurons
A
  1. 1 axon and 1 dendrite from opposite ends of soma—uncommon—special senses
  2. early development, 1 process of growing axon—retina
  3. dive close to soma into 2 processes. 1 process= receptive(afferent) extends to periphery (skin) where dendritic is found. other process is efferent and goes to CNS and synaptic terminal. w/in peripheral ganglia (DRG)
69
Q

Thoracic- Costal Facets

A
  • large articular surfaces on vertebral bodies w/ head of ribs
  • T1= not hemifacet bc only articulates w/ T1
  • T10-T12=has one costal facet per side bc only articulate w/ one rib—

T10- body and pedicle 11&12-pedicle

71
Q

Dendrites

A

“tree”—many branches. 2 or more per neuron

  • recives AP and sends towards cell soma *afferent*
  • memory storage
72
Q

Venous Drainage

A
  • Radicular veins drain into internal vertebral venous plexus (cancer cells)
  • turn drains through IV foramina into intercostal, lumbar, lateral sacral vein
  • veins are valveless= cancer chance–cancer goes through IV plexus—veins in pelvic feed into plexus that connects to internal venous plexus, has no valves so goes right to brain
73
Q

What happesn with RMP if all Na channels were closed

A

-at rest the membrane is permeable to K w/ small permeability of Na leaking in. = slightly pos RMP than predicted Ek. if there was a low K w/ a negative RMP then it would matter bc there would be a high Na driving force

74
Q

Chemical Driving Force—Conc Gradient

A
  • Ions diffuse from a region of high conc to region of low conc
  • the bigger the difference in conc the larger the conc force, faster the rate of diffusion
75
Q

1-Males Vs Females Brain Volume
2-Males Vs Females Gray Matter

3-Males Vs Females Other

A

1-Males= 14.5-17, Females=10.5-11
2-Males=11, Females=8
3- proportional to size & puberty

77
Q

Thoracic—transverse costal facet

A

on transverse process for articulation w/ tubercle of same numbered rib

79
Q

Changes of Membrane Potential

A
  • Action potential comes from changes in membrane selective permeability.
  • first open of voltage gated (VG) of Na channels= depolarization
  • then opening of VG of K channels= repolarization
80
Q
  • polarity of recording device in neg
  • polarity of recording device in pos
  • intracellular microelectrode records -80 mV then the extracellular microelectrode references +80, whats the absolute value of electric potential across membrane?
  • Absolute number
A
  • -70
  • +70
  • 80 mV
  • think of table—measure down = +2 measure upwards= -2…absolute height= 2
  • Absolute number= magnitude of potential
81
Q
A
81
Q

Neurulation

A
  • ectodermal thickening= neural plate, above notochord
  • margins of neural plate (neural folds), elevate with proliferation and make a neural groove
  • neural folds elevate more and fuse at the midline making neural tube
  • tube closes in cervical region and then rostral/caudally
  • neural tube makes CNS–brain and spinal cord
81
Q

1-Telencephalon
2- Brain

A

1-cerebral hemisphere—expands quickly and folds over other parts of brain and expands to make cerebral hemisphere. SA increased by wrinkling

2- gray matter surrounded by white= nuclei,
white surrounded by gray= cortex

82
Q
  • Dorsal Ramus
  • Ventral Ramus
A
  • C1&C2= large dorsal ramus (greater occipital nerve), but for the others= smaller than ventral
  • all ventral rami are connected to sympathetic trunk by rami communicantes
  • goes in clean, comes out dirty
83
Q

1-flexion

2-extension

3-lateral flexion

4-circumduction

5-rotation

A

1-forward bending

2-backward bending

3-lateral bending

4-flexion, extension & lateral flexion

5-twisting

84
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery

A
  • union of branches of vertebral arteries
  • inferior in anteromedian fissure on pia mater
  • supplies anterior 2/3 of cord
86
Q

Mesoderm gives rise too…Microglial

A

Microglial—from vascular mesenchyme, distributed throughout brain and spinal cord and are similar to macrophages.

87
Q

1-BMP
2-SHH
3-FGF

A

1-secreted by non neuronal ectoderm—controls dorsal pattern
2-secreted by mesoderm controls ventral pattern
3-secreted by ectoderm—induces FOX/WNT which regulates development of cerebral

88
Q

Axons

A
  • carries signal away from soma to target
  • can branch but usually one ber neuron
90
Q

Law of Electroneutrality

A
  • equal number of positive and negative ions in solution
  • small number of unmatched ions collect on either side but is negligible
91
Q
A
93
Q

1- Plane Joints

2-Hinge Joints

3-Pivot Joints

A

1-fliding/sliding. small and numerous. Flat. Allow movement in 1 plane (uni)

2-movement in 1 plane around 1 axis. flexion and extension only

3-rotation of bony process around 1 acid w/in CT sleeve…alantoaxial joint

93
Q

S5 and Coccyx Exit

A

via sacral Hiatus

94
Q
  • Potassium Conc Gradient
  • Na Conc Gradient
A
  • K: in: 155 mM out = 4.5 mM
  • Na: Out: 140 mM, in= 14 mM
95
Q

1-Condyloid Joint

2-Saddle Joint

3-Ball and Socket Joint

A

1-movement in 2 directions (bi), at 90 angles to each other. flexion, extensions, ab/add. TMJ

2-saddle shaped, movement in 2 planes. carpometacarpel w/in thumb

3-multiaxial, w/in multiple axes and planes. Ball shaped surface of bone wi/in socket of another. Hip Joint

96
Q

RMP

A

-to determine the total net flux= potential driving force and resistance for that ion (# of open channels)

98
Q
A

Astrocyte

99
Q

CNS

  1. white matter
  2. gray matter
A

-brain and spinal cord

  1. myelinated axons
  2. cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated–area between = neuropil
    • ​horns= spinal cord
    • nuclei=brain=inc neuronal soma
    • cortex=brain=whats in environ
101
Q

Cervical exits vs T, L, S

A

Cervical exit superior to corresponding number while the other exit inferiorly to corresponding numbers

103
Q

1- Gray Matter
2-Basal Plate
3-Alar Plate

A

1-have basal and alar plates—ventral and dorsal thickenings, separated by sulcus limitans groove
2-ventrolateral thickening of mantle= ventral horn. has the motor neurons that sproud axons as ventral rootlets eventually making spinal nerve
3-dorsolateral thickening of mantle=dorsal horn. has interneurons that process sensory infor from PNS and direct it to CNS for response. has sensory neurons that comm. w/ interneurons

104
Q

S1-S4 Exit

A

Through IV foramina while rami exit via dorsal/ventral sacral foramina

105
Q

Ventral Primary Ramus

A
  • Supplies both motor and sensory innervation to muscles of lateral, anterior body wall, and limbs
  • skin-lateral cutaneous nerve- large posterior and anterior
  • skin-anterior cutaneous- -supply limbs by combining to form a plexus
107
Q

Neuroblasts

A
  • future neurons
  • form the mantle layer surrounding neuroepithelial, eventually lose ability to divide.
  • may come from radial glia
108
Q
A
109
Q

Posterior View of Column

A

Spinous process diff shapes

111
Q
  1. PNS
  2. CNS
  3. ANS
A
  1. nerves ganglia–cranial/spinal nerves & gangli
  2. Gray/White matter—cerebrum, cerebellum, SC
  3. parasympa, sympa, enteric

spinal nerves carry signals bidirectionally

112
Q
A

Myelinated

114
Q
A

Node of Ranvier

116
Q
A

Pseudounipolar in DRG

117
Q
A

Pacinian Corpuscle

119
Q

Na/K ATPase

A
  • depends on pump ratio- 1.5 ATP= 3 Na out to 2 K in
  • at RMP -70, K of -89 and Na of +60 are not at equilibrium
  • no net Na movement into cell and no net exit of K out of cell
  • pump retains conc gradient for both
121
Q

Spinal Column Functions

A
  • Erect posture + locomotion
  • support trunk and limbs
  • protect spinal cord/roots
122
Q

Superficial Fascia—subcutaneous tissue

A

-hypodermis -loose CT & fat -fat varies w/ location, food eaten, & hormone control

123
Q
A

Pyramidal Multipolar

123
Q

Wk 3

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

A

-embryo w/in uterine wall

  1. eye, ear, lining of nasal & oral, tooth, epidermis, hair, glands, nervous
  2. skeletal muscle, bones, parietal, gonads,kidney
  3. lining of gut, resp, tympanic, bladder, liver, pancrease
124
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • support and nourish neurons, outnumber neurons
  • physically support
  • metabolically support= intermediate
  • electrical insulation for soma
  • and phagocytic in response to injurt
126
Q

1-flexion

2-extension

3-abduction

4-adduction

5-medial (internal) rotation

6-lateral (external) rotation

7-circumduction

A

1-decreasing angle

2-inreasing angle

3-moving away

4- moving towards median plan

5-moving limb closer to median

6-away from median

7-circular movement with flexion, extension, ab/add

127
Q

Spinal Cord Arteries

A

1-from vertebral branches

2-into cervical

3-deep cervical

4-intercostal

5-lumbar

6-into lateral sacral arteries

129
Q
A

Messiners Corpuscle

130
Q

Anterior View of Column

A

-from superior to inferior= vertebral bodies = larger towards sacrum then get smaller

131
Q

1-Kinetic Energy
2-Flux
3-Net Flux
4- Net Flux Inc

A

1- determines probability of collision between them. so follows random trajectory that causes net movement of molecules from region of H–>L conc

2-how much of a substance diffuses from point A to point B in a given amount of time: is a vector, it has magnitude and direction…
3-Difference between H–>L and L–>H
4-inc SA, inc conc diff, inc molc mobility, inc T, inc solubility

132
Q

Wk 4

A

Primary:

  • Prosencephalon-forebrain
  • Mesencephalon-midbrain
  • rhombencephalon-hindbrain
  • rostral end of canal of neural tube= ventricles. CSF w/in ventricles by ependymal cells that flow throughout and drain into venous.
133
Q

1-proximal

2-distal

3-external

4-internal

5-central

6-peripheral

7-parietal

8-visceral

9-ipsilateral

10-contralateral

A

1-closer to origin point

2-farther from origin point

3-outer, toward surface

4-inner—part of interior

5-closer to center

6-away from center

7-wall of cavity

8-covering of organ

9-same side

10-opposite side

134
Q

Zygapophyseal Joints

A
  • Between superior & inferior articular facets:::synovial plane joints
  • Cervical joints= horizontal plane w/ movement in most directions
  • Thoracic Joints= coronal plane= lateral flexion
  • Lumbar Joints= sagittal Plane= flexion and extension
134
Q

Electric Field Strength

A
  • If we are separating many charges= very intense electric field, so the number decides the intensity
  • The further apart= the weaker the electric field
  • Closer together= stronger electric field
136
Q

ANS

  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
  3. Enteric
A

-innervation + control of visceral. Smooth, cardiac, + glandular

  1. widespread: lateral horn—T1–L1 (pregang) thoracolumbar
  2. discrete: craniosacral–S2-4(pregang) or in brainstem
  3. Wholly w/in gut wall, auerbach myenteric, meisners submucosal
137
Q

Ohms law

A

Total net= driving force + resistance (open channels)

138
Q

Neuroectoderm
1-neuroepithelial cells of neural tube
2-neural crest cells
3-Mesoderm

A

1- neurons of CNS, macroglia of CNS(astrocytes, oligo, radial, ependy)
2-ganglia of PNS(DRG and ANS), glia of PNS (schwann, satellite, enteric), meninges of CNS
3-notochord, microglia, meninges

140
Q
A

Lumbar

A-Accessory Process

B- Spinous Process

C-Superior Articular Facet

D-Mammillary Process
E-Transverse Process

F-Superior Articular Process

G-Superior Vertebral Notch

H-Body

I-Vertebral Foramen

141
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • skull
  • hyoid
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
  • sternum
141
Q
A

Blue- ectoderm
Red- Mesoderm
Red Dot- Notochord
Orange- Endoderm

143
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal
  • 12 pairs cranial
  • discontinously myelinated bc done in segments= nodes of ranvier for saltatory conduction
144
Q

1-Em
2-Electric Potential
3- RMP

A

1-Electric work required to carry a uNIT positive charge from outside to inside
2-electrical charges of opposite signs are separated across a membrane, so can do work
3-Voltage difference between inside and outside of cells caused by separation of positive and negative ions by semi perm membrane

  • at rest= cell= inc in negative ions= neg RMP (-40- -90)
145
Q

Vertebrae parts

A

1-body—–supports weight of head

2-vertebral arch

3-muscle attachments

4-superior & inferior articular processes

5-superior & inferior vertebral notches

146
Q
A
147
Q

Sutures in Infants

A
  • bones of skull don’t touch so the sutures= wide fibrous areas====fontanelles (soft spots)
  • fontanelles close by 18th month
  • synostosis- sutures invaded by bone w/in adults
148
Q
A
  • light area= axon hillock
  • darker area= dendrite
149
Q

Diffusion Potential

A

-Different concs of K and Na in and out of cell (h->L))

  • net diffusion of K would be out of cell, selective permeability of K+
  • K channels open at rest, positive K diffuse out
  • pos and neg ions inside cells arent balanced, there are more neg than pos because there isnt anything neutralizing the Cl= electric field is generating
  • imbalance= inc in negative in cell
  • charge separation—electric potential appears= diffusion potential
151
Q

Recurrent Meningeal Nerve

A

From spinal nerve proper or from ventral rams and goes through IV foramen to innervate dura mater, fat, etc

152
Q

Glia Blasts—Macroglia
1-ependymal
2-Astrocytes
3-Oligodendrocytes
4-Radial Glia Cells

A

1-from innermost neuroepithelial in ventricular/canal of spinal cord. make CSF in brain
2-from neuroepithelial that migrate to mantle—support young neurons
3-from neuroepithelial that migrate to marginal–coat ascending/descending axons in region w/ myelin sheaths that propagate electrical signals
4-w/in nervous system. brain= from ventricular zone to pia mater where they guide neuroblasts during cortex expansion.

153
Q

-Costovertebral Joints -Costotransverse Joints

A
  • articulation between head of rib & hemifacets on body. Superior Adjacent Thoracic
  • articulation between tubercle of rib & transverse process:T1-10
  • both are synovial plane joints
154
Q
  • Axon Boutons
  • Synaptic Vesicles
  • Synaptic Clefts
A
  • terminal endings—swelling where neural signals are transmitted to another neuron. post synaptic= motor endplate
  • membrane bound sac w/ neurotrans. vesicle fuses w/ plasmalemma so neurotrans is exocytosed —excitatory/inhibitory to membrane (acetylcholine)
  • space between pre and post syn. where neurotrans released
155
Q

Electrical Driving Force—electric Potential

A
  • resting= neg charge inside attracts pos ions and repels negative, vice versa for positive on outside
  • excited= polarity of membrane potential is reverse==depolarized…the inside becomes positive while outside= neg
  • negative RMP generates electric force that modulates diffusion in and out of cell= unequal diffusion (diffusion potential)
156
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • between arachnoid and pia mater
  • full of CSF—pressure pushes membrane against dura, keeps brain and cord up
  • between tips of cord and envelope= large space= lumbar cistern—L2-S2
  • Cauda Equina
  • Lumbar Puncture- spinal tape—needle in lower lumbar spinous, into lumbar cistern—–sample CSF -intrathecal injections
157
Q
  1. Afferent
  2. Efferent
  3. Interneurons
A
  1. sensory–> CNS. cell body is outside of CNS
  2. motor. CNS–> organs. cell body w/in CNS
  3. processes info, commands, memory, emotion. w/in CNS
158
Q

Voltage Gated Na Channels

A
  • closed when neuron at RMP
  • can be open, closed, inactivated
  • open when depolarized to -55= activation
  • super fast
  • inactivated after 5 ms, stopping Na influx
  • return of membrane potential to rest= repolarization, favors = inactivated to closed= reactivation
  • if not inactivated, repolarization favors open to close= deactivation
159
Q
A

Satellite Cells

160
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A
  • near margins of neural groove.
  • rise to DRG, autonomic ganglia+enteric, and pia/arachnoid layers of meninges
  • migrate forward w/ neural folds and pinch off so can make ^^^^^
161
Q
A

Ruffinis Ending

163
Q

Peripheral Nerves

  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
A
  1. surround infividual myelinated axon or schwann cell thats around multiple unmyelinated axons—fasicle
  2. surrounding groups of myelinated or unmyelinated—sourrounds fasicle
  3. surrounding entrie peripheral nerve (naked eye)—surrounds peri
165
Q
A

Bipolar neurons–special senses

166
Q

Resistance= number of open channels

A
  • number of open channels= permeability
  • amplitude= proportional to product of ionic conductance gx and driving force.
  • even tho driving force of Na is 7x’s larger than K, the gK is 7 x’s larger than gNa bc the value of the currents must be equal, so it evens out via K having higher conductance and Na having higher driving forcef
167
Q

Skeletal System

A

bones, cartilages, tendons

  • living tissues
  • composed of cells and ECM
  • types of CT
168
Q
  1. Myelinated
  2. Unmyelinated
A
  1. composed of oligodendro(CNS) or schwann cells(PNS)—white or foamy
  2. w/in PNS in cytoplasm of schwann cells—bare
169
Q

Cervical Movements

A

FACETS- SUPERIORLY & INFERIOR

  • all movements
  • flexion= most extensive bc of loose/long articular capsules
  • lateral bending
170
Q
A

Ependymal

171
Q

Dura Mater-tough mother

A
  • tough fibrous CT
  • outermost meninge
  • surrounds spinal nerve roots and is replaced by epineurium of SN proper
  • envelop extends to S2 vertebral, frays, and then filum externum goes from there to coccyx
172
Q
  1. Axosomatic
  2. Axodendritic
  3. Axoaxonic
  4. Motor Endplate
A
  1. ​axonal ending on soma
  2. axondal ending on dendrite (most common)
  3. axonal ending on another axon
  4. axondal ending on muscle cell
173
Q

Notochord

A

rod—through central axis of embryo…development of nervous system and molecular factors that will induce ectoderm to undergo neurulation

175
Q

Elevations/Prominences

A

1-linear elevations- lines/ridges. if big = crest

2-Round elevation= condyle

3-Large elevations- processes, tuberosities, trochanters

4-small elevations- protuberances, tubercles, or spines

5-spine like- spinous process

176
Q

Driving Force

A
  • (RMP-Ex), for ionic species, rate in which it flows through
  • K= small driving force, 19 mV—diffusion = small
  • Na=big driving force, 133 MV—diffusion=big
  • at RMP the driving force for Na is 7x’s larger than K
177
Q

Herniated “slipped disc”

A
  • gelatinous nucleus pulposus suishes through tear in fibrocartilage annulus fibrosis. (posterolaterally)
  • cervical + lumbar regions
  • press on nerve root -w/in lumbar the nerve emerges superiorly of IV foramen and hernia will affect inferior nerve.
178
Q

1-supination

2-pronation

3-eversion

4-inversion

5-protrusion

6-retrusion

A

1-rotating hand on longitudinal axis so palm faces anteriorly

2-rotation of hand so it faces posteriorly

3-sole of foot away from mid line

4-sole of foot towards mid line

5-move anteriorly- stick out jaw

6-move posteriorly

180
Q
  1. Peripheral Receptors
  2. Mechanoreceptors
A
  1. relay info about environment(Via skin)
    • ​unencapsulated= w/in skin= pain and temp change
  2. receive tactile info
181
Q

Spina bifida

Occulata
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

A

1-failure of neural tube to close, no nervous tissue involvement
2-bony defect is large enough so meninges protrude out, sometimes nerve roots are involved —if involved=issues with bladder control/muscle movements
3- protrusion of spinal cord and nerve roots into bony defect sac—if severe=death, paralysis of lower limbs, and malfunctioning bowel…can fix interuterinely

182
Q

Action potentials

A
  • regenerative
  • all or none
  • transient change in membrane potential
184
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

united via fibrous CT. movement is dependent on finger length

  • sutures=immobile–wavy line,
  • syndesmosis- unites bones w/ fibrous sheet—partially moveable (radius w/ ulna)
  • gomphosis- peg like into a socket—tooth and alveolar
185
Q

Segmental Spinal Arteries

A
  • w/in cervical region from vertebral arteries
  • branches to vertebrae, fat, and dura
  • dorsal ventral radicular branches to spinal nerve roots that anastomose w/ longitudinal artery
  • medullary feeders= dorsal + ventral segmental arteries—not symmetric: obstruction=necrosis
186
Q
  • Anulus fibrosus
  • Nucleus Pulposus
A
  • outer fibrous ring that goes into rim of vertebral bodies. = strong bond between vertebrae
  • gelatinous, elastic core of IV disc. high H20 content that goes down w/ age= shock absorber. avascular. ball bearer.
187
Q
A
188
Q

Ion channels

A
  • pore is made by H20 filled polypeptide chains
  • select by the size and electrostatic properties of ion
  • have gates that are activated by specific stimulus- chem, electrical, mechanical
  • opened gate= pathway for diffusion of ion, ALWAYS follows its driving force by conc gadient and membrane potential
  • some gates open while in rest= passive, no energy
  • channels can become inactivated–cant open
  • integral membrane proteins
189
Q
A
191
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A
  • Large + triangular
  • BASE= SUPERIORLY w/ L5 intervertebral disc…ventral projection= SACRAL PROMONTORY
  • APEX= INFERIORLY w/ coccyx
  • 4 pairs of dorsal & ventral sacral foramina—passage of nerves
  • Anterior surface= concave, posterior= convex w/ median sacral crest
  • Vertebral Canal= ends as sacral hiatus—anesthesia
  • Sacral Cornu=inferior articular process…INFERIORLY
  • Auricular surface- lateral surface + synovial
192
Q
A

Blue- ectoderm
Red- Mesoderm
Orange- Endoderm

193
Q

Dorsal Primary Ramus

A
  • supplies both motor and sensory to deep back muscles
  • posterior cutaneous nerve to skin of back—upper back
194
Q

1-Synovial pocket

2-fibrocartilaginous articular disk

3-fibrocartilaginous rings

A

1-fibrous capsule=stronger via ligaments (intrinsic part of the capsule or extrinsic outside capsule). synovial= lines joint and makes a lubricating fluid that nourishes the cartilage

2-w/in wrist or TMJ

3-deepen articular surface of bones—glenoid labrum in shoulder

195
Q

Superior & inferior Vertebral Notches

A
  • notches bc of projection of vertebral body and articular processes, above and below pedicles from arch
  • form intervertebral foramina= passage of spinal nerve root & ganglia
  • Binding foramina= anterior: intervertebral disc 7 vertebral bodies from superior/inferior= pedicles of adjacent vertebrae posterior= ligamentum flavum + capsule of articular processes
196
Q

White Matter

A
  • axons and glial cells NO NEURONAL BODIES
  • surrounds gray matter
197
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing upright, with everything facing forward (anterior), limbs by sides with the palms facing anteriorly

198
Q

Sacral Foramina

A

-dorsal rami emerges through dorsal sacral foramina while ventral rami emerges through ventral sacral foramina

199
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • cell bodies of neurons
  • centrally situated
  • cross section= like butterfly w/ 2 dorsal horns and 2 ventral horns
200
Q
A

Cell body/dendrites

201
Q

Vertebral arch

A
  • pedicles
  • laminae
  • vertebral foramen
202
Q

Diffusion Potential

A

-potential from different rates of diffusion of ions—combination of chemical (conc) and electrial (potential) factors

1504 (5 decks)

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