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Pathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

the cause of disease or suffering

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2
Q

etiology of influenza pneumonia

A

influenza

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3
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown etiology

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4
Q

acute cystitis

A

dramatic inflammation of the bladder

etiological agent is gram negative rods - e. coli

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5
Q

idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis

A

“bamboo spine”

inflammation of joints leads to fusion of vertebral bodies

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6
Q

DISH

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

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7
Q

DISH aka

A

Forestier’s disease

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8
Q

DISH/Forestier’s etiology

A

ossification of ALL to bone, spine is immobile forever

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9
Q

never adjust patients with

A

DISH or ankylosing spondylitis

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10
Q

2 genetic diseases we discussed

A

Huntington’s and Down’s Syndrome

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11
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

onset 30-35 yoa
loss of motor function due to loss of neurons in striatal nuclei (basal ganglia) which control motion
enlarged ventricles
jerky, involuntary movements of face and extremities

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12
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental handicap and a characteristic physical appearance

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13
Q

trisomy 21

A

extra chromosome at #21 = down’s

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14
Q

greater chance of having child with down’s if older than ___

A

35 yoa when pregnant

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15
Q

congenital

A

when genetic info is intact, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interferes with normal development

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16
Q

3 congenital examples

A

toxoplasmosis
fetal alc syndrome
thalidomide

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17
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

teratogenic effect on the child resulting in abnormal physical development caused by protozoan toxoplasma gondii (in cat feces)

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18
Q

teratogen

A

an agent that causes physical abnormality in developing fetus or embryo

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19
Q

fetal alc syndrome (FAS)

A

birth defects from high alc consumption during pregnancy

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20
Q

FAS has highest teratogenic effect in the first ___ days of pregnancy and ___ trimester

A

3 days, 1st trimester

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21
Q

Thalidomide

A

sleeping drug prescribed to pregnant women in first trimester to prevent morning sickness but causes babies to be born with one eye, no extremities, etc but did not decrease life expectancy of child

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22
Q

Acquired diseases (3)

A

herpetic rash
emphysema
parameningeal infection

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23
Q

herpetic rash

A

herpes zoster
shingles caused by varicella virus in ganglia (which also causes chickenpox)
occurs when immune system weak
follows dermatomes unilaterally

24
Q

emphysema

A

seen with smokers (etiology)
lung consolidation due to rupture and damage of alveoli and their walls
results in shortness of breath and possibly heart and/or respiratory failure

25
Q

parameningeal infection

A

brain abscess due to improper popping of pimples
bacteria is staph. aureaus or staph. pyogenes
infx goes to veins in face –> brain
can have scarring or can be fatal

26
Q

symptom

A

patient states they are experiencing it, subjective

pain, nausea, headache

27
Q

sign

A

measurable and can be seen, objective findings

high BP, fever, rash

28
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease (ex: cold)

29
Q

Raynauds Syndrome

A

vasospastic contraction of distal vessels

  1. contraction of arteries - fingers white
  2. contraction of veins - fingers blue
  3. relaxation of vessels/blood returns - red
30
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

autoimmune more common in females over 35 yoa
total dryness of mucous membranes due to dmg in exocrine glands
xerostomia (sublingual gland) , xeropthalmia (lacrimal gland)
bilateral parotitis = hamster appearance

31
Q

pathogenesis

A

pattern of disease development

32
Q

acute disease

A

an illness that develops rapidly and usually short duration 5-7 days

33
Q

subacute disease

A

rare classification between 1-6 weeks in duration

34
Q

chronic disease

A

slow and serious development, duration greater than 6 weeks

35
Q

disease

A

specific development, manifestation and treatment

36
Q

local disease

A

confined to one organ or region of body (ex: stomach cancer)

37
Q

systemic disease

A

involves multiple organs or systems (ex: metastasized stomach cancer)

38
Q

focal damage

A

limited to one or more distant sites WITHIN a diseased organ (ex: one tumor in stomach)

39
Q

diffuse damage

A

uniformly distributed damage WITHIN a diseased organ (entire organ affected) (ex: entire stomach is cancerous)

40
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of the patient’s specific disease

41
Q

prognosis

A

prediction of a particular disease’s outcome

42
Q

causes of cell injury

A

deficiency
intoxification
trauma

43
Q

deficiency

A

lack of substance necessary to the cell

44
Q

primary nutrient deficiency

A

simple absence of nutrient components in food

pellagra = vit B3(niacin) deficiency

45
Q

casel’s necklace dermatitis is result of

A

niacin deficiency called pellagra

46
Q

secondary nutrient deficiency

A

in food but cannot be absorbed

47
Q

pernicious anemia is a secondary nutrient deficiency of

A

vit B12 (need intrinsic factor to carry into blood)

48
Q

vit b12 is needed for normal

A

RBC production and normal nerve cell metabolism

49
Q

intoxification

A

presence of a substance or toxin that interferes with cell function

50
Q

exogenous toxins

A

gets into the body from outside environment

microbes, chemicals, overdose of some meds

51
Q

endogenous toxins

A

produced inside body results from disruption in normal metabolic rxns

52
Q

endogenous toxins - 3 ways they result

A
  1. if enzyme is missing, the intermediate accumulates
  2. if enzyme is missing, the intermediate accumulates but is used in an alternate pathway and can produce toxin
  3. genetic - non produxn of enzyme
53
Q

example 1 of accumulation of a normal metabolite

A

alkaptonuria
normally phenylalanine converted to tyrosine but if oxidase is not produced homogentisic acid aka alkapton is not converted and accumulates and is excreted in the urine making it black

54
Q

homogentistic acid can accumulate in tissues and cause ____

A

onchronosis

55
Q

common site of homogentistic acid accumulation

A

cartilage -> leads to OA and degeneration calcification of IVDs
ears -> blue

Pathology (1 decks)

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