Exam 1

Question 1

What are the components of systemic collection of information?

Answer 1

Signalment, owners complaint, history and TPR, physical exam, working problem list, DDx list, diagnostic plan for each DDx, prognosis and treatment plan, therapy and monitoring, medical records

Question 2

What is lumping and prioritizing?

Answer 2

when creating the working problem list it is connecting the existing problems to a possible source.

Question 3

T/F: the top priority is the most severe clinical sign

Answer 3

FALSE

Client complaint is ALWAYS top priority

Question 4

what does signalment include?

Answer 4

age, sex, breed

begins the mental process of what can be wrong

Question 5

When a young patient enters the room, before getting a history, what can be deduced based from signalment?

Answer 5

congenital disease, infectious disease

Question 6

When an old patient enters the room, before getting a history, what can be deduced based from signalment?

Answer 6

degenerative disease, neoplasia

Question 7

T/F: when taking history create a timeline of events and summarize to client

Answer 7

True- want to avoid miscommunication

Question 8

what does SOAP stand for? and when is it performed?

Answer 8

Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan

used when monitoring patient

Question 9

T/F Medical records are the law

Answer 9

True- they will save you in law suits. write everything down to a phone call that wasnt answered!

Question 10

T/F: the body is 60% water

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F: 2/3 of body water is in extracellular space and 1/3 is intracellular

Answer 11

FALSE!!!!

1/3 of body water is in extracellular space and 2/3 is intracellular

Question 12

what are the 2 types of fluids?

Answer 12

crystalloid and colloid

Question 13

define crystalloid fluid

Answer 13

solutes (electrolytes and non-electrolytes) that can freely move between fluid compartments.

Question 14

define colloid fluid

Answer 14

remains in the intravascular space

Question 15

T/F: you can use any type of fluid in cases of dehydration

Answer 15

FALSE

collloids wont help becaus eit stays in the intravascular space and hypertonic fluids will take more water out of the cells

Question 16

Crystalloid fluids are used for___, ___, ___

Answer 16

correct dehydration, expand vascular space in shock, correct electrolyte/acid-base imbalances

Question 17

What are the 3 classifications of crystalloid fluid

Answer 17

hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic

Question 18

Isotonic fluid is used for ___ and ___

Answer 18

maintenance and replacement

Question 19

Normosol R, LRS, Plasmalyte and 0.9% Na are used when?

Answer 19

replacement

Question 20

T/F replacement fluids have 130-140 mmol/L of Na

Answer 20

True

Question 21

T/F: replacement fluids can be given rapidly and are best for long term use

Answer 21

FALSE

can be given rapidly but not best for maintenance use

Question 22

T/F: even at maintenance levels, patients can become hypernatremic

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Normosol M, Plasmalyte 56 and 0.45% Na with dextrose are used when?

Answer 23

maintenance

Question 24

T/F: Maintenance fluids have 77mmol/L Na

Answer 24

True

Question 25

what are the 2 types of colloid fluids and what types of fluids are included?

Answer 25

Natural- plasma (if albumin, AT3 and clotting factors are needed, whole blood (if anemic)

synthetic- hetastarch (in cases for oncotic support but dont need clotting factors- when albumin is low), dextran

Question 26

what are 3 side effects of using colloids?

Answer 26

fluid overload–> pulmonary edema, coagulopathy and renal failure

Question 27

what needs to be added to maintenance fluids?

Answer 27

Vit K

Question 28

when would be appropriate to use colloids?

Answer 28

low albumin, vasculitis, peripheral edema or ascites

Question 29

what is the result of using a colloid and crystalloid?

Answer 29

decreases the amount of crystalloid needed and restore fluid deficit in the intravascular space more rapidly

Question 30

Which replacement fluid is used with cardiac patients?

Answer 30

0.45% NaCl and make isotonic with dextrose

Question 31

T/F: animals who are not eating will become hypokalemic within hours

Answer 31

FALSE

they become hypokalemic in days

Question 32

What is Kmax?

Answer 32

0.5mEq/kg/hr. any more and animal can have life threatening hyperkalemia

Question 33

When do we use hypertonic fluids?

Answer 33

Hypovolemic shock that does not have dehydration or hypernatremia and head trauma cases

Question 34

Why use hypertonic solution with head trauma patients?

Answer 34

relieves swelling of the brain

Question 35

What are contraindications for using hypertonic fluids

Answer 35

dehydration and hypernatremia