Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are positive illusions adaptive?

A

Yes. Positive illusions allow people to cope better with stress and set backs (more persistent). People with positive illusions about their partner are happier with their relationship. It is generally a good thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of correlational research?

A

(advantages) can predict behavior can determine where and to what extent variables are associated with one another. Also can study real-world factors (disadvantages) correlational doesn’t equal causation, directional problems, and 3rd variable problems, media confusion, random correlations with things that don’t make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What variable does the researcher manipulate?

A

Independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind?

A

Availability heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 steps of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

(1) perceiver develops false belief about a target (2) perceiver treats target in a manner consistent with false belief (3) target responds to the treatment in such a way as to confirm the originally false belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the process of thinking about your own thoughts and looking inward at your own feelings?

A

Introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the self-reference effect/cocktail party effect?

A

This means the info related to self is processed efficiently and is therefore recalled more easily than other info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What means acting how you think the experimenter wants you to act?

A

Social Desirability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of research is used to describe the relationship between two variables?

A

Correlational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do we COPE with the uncomfortable comparison of self vs ideal self?

A

We behave in ways to reduce discrepancy or escape/withdraw from self-awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What culture is an “independent” self concept in which identity is based on personal achievement/goals and people are encouraged to validate the self and disapprove conformity?

A

Individualist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Shortcuts or rules of thumb that people use to make complex judgements. They help find adequate and imperfect answers to difficult questions effortlessly through simplified manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What variable does the researcher measure?

A

Dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What describes a concept in terms of observable and measurable qualities?

A

Operational definitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does correlation not equal causation?

A

Casual claims cannot be made, directional problems (unclear cause and effect), and 3rd variable problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to overestimate after learning an outcome or one’s ability to have for seen the outcome. Outcomes become obvious and predictable. Ex. sports games, trials, election, studying for test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As X and Y increase, it creates a _________ correlation

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 types of social comparison?

A

Lateral social comparison, upward social comparison, downward social comparison. Social comparison with others is used in times of uncertainty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the effective component of self, consisting of a persons positive or negative evaluations?

A

Self-Esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of research observes people and measures behavior?

A

Observational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is unrealistic optimism?

A

People believe that their future will be better than that of an average person. These people are usually happier, healthier, have lower divorce rates and lower heart attack rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic? & its problem(s)

A

The tendency to assume someone/something belongs to a particular group (category) if resembling a typical member of that group. This often leads to ignoring base rates and how many of that group do something (kind of stereotype)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is random sampling?

A

A sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample. This ensures the sample is representative of the population (ex. Hunger Games)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are you born with the self concept?

A

NO. Develops at about 18-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are 2 key aspects of experimental research?

A

(1) manipulate variables which gives experimenter full control (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is counterfactual thinking?

A

When we imagine an alternative outcome that may have happened but didn’t. The real outcome is compared with the alternative “If I only had…”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is false uniqueness?

A

The tendency for people to underestimate the extent to which other people share their abilities and desirable behaviors

28
Q

What is the spotlight effect?

A

the tendency for people to overestimate how much attention other people are paying to them

29
Q

What is the self concept?

A

This consists of your beliefs about yourself. This is the sum of your beliefs about your personal traits, attributes, and characteristics. “How you describe yourself to others.” It is stable over time but malleable between situations (jobs, dates, meeting GF’s parents)

30
Q

What makes up a good theory?

A

A good theory effectively summarizes many observations and makes clear predictions that we can use to confirm or modify the theory, generate new exploration, and suggest practical applications

31
Q

How can participant/experimenter characteristics affect research?

A

Participants can predict the purpose of the study or behave how they think they should behave instead of how they would naturally. The experimenter may unintentionally alter a study to achieve the expected results. Also, expectations may affect experimenters behavior toward participants.

32
Q

How can people maintain unrealistically high levels of self esteem?

A

self-serving bias (perceiving oneself favorably) /self-serving attributes

33
Q

Why is a theory different from a hypothesis?

A

A theory is an idea that summarizes and explains facts while the hypothesis is a prediction that is testable through experiments.

34
Q

What is a theory?

A

an idea that organizes, explains, and predicts observable events (evolution, gravity)

35
Q

What culture is an “interdependent” self concept in which identity is based on one’s social groups and people are encouraged to restrain the self to fit with groups and disapprove egotism?

A

Collectivist

36
Q

What is the problem with introspection?

A

People don’t have good insight into themselves. People are bad at predicting how something will make them feel. People overestimate the intensity and duration of emotional experiences. People are unaware of some factors that influence behavior. People over emphasize the influence of factors. ETC. ETC. ETC.

37
Q

What are the goals of social psychology?

A

(1) to explain behavior (2) to predict (3) to control

38
Q

What is the behavior designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide an excuse for subsequent failure? This often occurs when self-image is tied to performance. (Ex. drinking heavily the night before an exam or purposely not practicing a task)

A

Self-Handicapping

39
Q

What are consequences of availability heuristic?

A

False consensus and base-rate fallacy. Base rate-fallacy is the tendency for people to be relatively insensitive to numerical base rates (people vastly overestimate the likelihood of plane crashes, lotto, etc.)

40
Q

Why does self-monitoring not the same as self-presentation?

A

Self-monitoring happens in response to self-presentation concerns.

41
Q

What are high and low self-monitors?

A

(high) change ‘self’ depending on situation and see themselves as practical and flexible. aka social chameleons (low) behave consistently regardless of situations and also pride themselves in their ability to uphold principles. they don’t care what others think

42
Q

What is the tendency to maintain beliefs even after than have been discredited? (beliefs about yourself, others, the world)

A

Belief Perseverence

43
Q

How can these heuristics and biases explain why people believe in the “myth of the hot hand?”

A

b/c it supports the idea that a streak if a representative of being “hot” not “chance.” **refresh in notes**

44
Q

What is self-presentation?

A

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

45
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The objective and standardized way of conducting experiments. This is the best method for uncovering the truth

46
Q

How do you eliminate belief perseverence?

A

By considering why an alternative theory might be true

47
Q

What is the illusion of transparency?

A

The tendency for people to overestimate how obvious their emotions and state of mind are to others (giving a class presentation; innocent suspects)

48
Q

What is the perception of a relationship where none exists? (ex. A football fan believes that every time he wears a specific jersey his team wins, so each time they play, he will only wear that jersey)

A

illusory correlation

49
Q

What is the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which other people share their opinions and undesirable behaviors? (“Everyone drinks & drives” ; “Everyone smokes”)

A

False consensus

50
Q

What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

A

A process in which people make an estimate of some value by starting from an initial value (an anchor) and adjusting. Adjustment is often insufficient b/c things may not be or react the same even though similar. (ex. water freezes @ 32 degrees F but what does vodka freeze at?)

51
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of observational research?

A

(advantages) can study phenomena in natural, real-world setting and can answer frequency questions (disadvantages) some behaviors are two difficult to observe such as sexual and legal behavior and also the experimenter has little control

52
Q

What are the main themes of social psychology?

A

(1) we construct our social reality (2) social intuitions are powerful and dangerous (3) social influences affect behavior (4) personal attitudes and dispositions affect behavior

53
Q

What is the purpose of making downward social comparisons?

A

Comparing ourselves to someone who’s worse off allows us to feel better about ourselves.

54
Q

What is Basking In Reflected Glory (BIRG-ing)?

A

increasing self-esteem by associating with others who are successful. (wearing a teams clothes following a victory)

55
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental research?

A

(advantages) can make strong casual claims due to experimenter control (disadvantages) studies behavior in unrealistic setting

56
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

(1) define a question (2) collect background info (3) use theory to form a hypothesis or make a prediction (4) collect & analyze data to test hypothesis (5) interpret data and form conclusions (6) revise theory

57
Q

What is the tendency to search for information that confirms our preconceptions?

A

Confirmation Bias

58
Q

What is the self perception theory?

A

The theory that states people infer what they think or feel by observing their freely chosen behavior. We gain self insight by observing our own behavior. Relates to the facial feedback hypothesis.

59
Q

How do people and animals experience self recognition?

A

Mirrors/reflections

60
Q

What is the problem with confounds?

A

The experiment is controlled and confound isn’t so that may give innacurate results and also can’t establish cause and effect relationships.

61
Q

What is self awareness?

A

People have an idea of who they want to be (an ideal self). Certain situations can increase self awareness and heightened self awareness can lead us to compare ourselves to a standard (ideal self).

62
Q

What kind of research is used to explain social behavior and allows for claims of cause and effect? This research also manipulates variables and randomly assigns participants.

A

Experimental

63
Q

What are some differences between social psychology and sociology?

A

Social psych studies individuals while sociology studies groups. Social psych studies how individuals are affected by their environment and sociology studies how people are influenced by social variables/society.

64
Q

How is random sampling different from random assignment?

A

A random assignment is in experiments and random sampling is in surveys. Random assignment helps infer cause and effect and random sampling helps generalize the population.

65
Q

What is a confound?

A

an extraneous variable that isn’t controlled that may influence the DV in a systematic way

66
Q

As X and Y decrease, it creates a __________ correlation

A

Negative

Social Psych (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions