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biomechanics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

avulsion fracture

A

when a segment of the bone tears away from the main mass of bone

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2
Q

Strain

A

pulled muscle

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3
Q

sprain

A

pulled ligament

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4
Q

Articulation

A

The junction between two bones

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5
Q

joint

A

an articulation where the bones are free to move

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6
Q

Classification of articulations

A

synarthrodial: immovable: skull
amphiarthrodial: slightly movable: vertebrae
diarthrodial: freely movable: hip joint

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7
Q

Structural classification of articulations

A

Fibrous: joined by connective tissue
Cartilaginous: joined by cartilage
synovial: not directly joined

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8
Q

example of diarthrodial joints

A

ulnohumeral joint

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9
Q

types of joints(7)

A

gliding, hinge, pivot, ball & socket, condyloid, ellipsoid, saddle

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10
Q

Degrees of Freedom in a joint

A

the number of independent parameters that define its configuration

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11
Q

Example of a pivot joint

A

first and second vertebrae of the neck

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12
Q

example of saddle joint

A

carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

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13
Q

Forces acting on the bones (5)

A

tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion

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14
Q

synovial joint

A

also known as diarthrosis

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15
Q

synarthrodial also known as

A

fibrous, immovable

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow twitch (type I), Fast twitch-oxidative (type IIa). Fast glycolytic (type IIb anaerobic)

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17
Q

Fusiform muscle fibers

A

longer muscle fibers, less force. per cross sectional area. larger range of motion

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18
Q

Pennate muscle fibers

A

muscle has a central tendon. more fibers per cross sectional area produce more force per cross sectional area.

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19
Q

Mono vs bi articulate muscles

A

biarticular crosses two articulations. function as joint stabilizers. Monoarticular causes rotation only around 1 joint.

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20
Q

Biarticular joint examples

A

bicep brachii, gastrocnemeous,

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21
Q

Agonist

A

muscle that contracts and acts as a mover (biceps)

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22
Q

antagonist

A

works against the mover (triceps)

23
Q

Synergist

A

muscle that aids the agonist

24
Q

Synergy

A

group of muscles innervated and working together to achieve a functional movement goal (running, biking, jumping)

25
Q

muscle tissue properties

A

elasticity, excitability, extensibility, contractility.

26
Q

Three axes of motion (cartesian)

A

Longitudinal axis ^, Anteroposterior axis, mediolateral axis –>.

27
Q

Three planes of motion

A

Frontal Plane, Transverse plane, Sagittal plane.

28
Q

motor unit vs motor neuron

A

motor unit innervates multiple motor neurons.

29
Q

Hennemann Size principle

A

motor units with smaller motor neuron cell bodies are recruited first.

30
Q

motor unit

A

the soma and dendrites of a spinal motor neuron, the multiple branches of its axon and the muscle fibers being innervated

31
Q

CNS two ways to control muscle force

A
  1. changing the firing frequency of the motor neuron (rate coding)
  2. changing the number of activated motor neurons
32
Q

neurons vs muscle fibers

A

a neuron innervates more than one muscle fiber but a muscle fiber will only be innervated by one neuron.

33
Q

motor unit that was turned on last

A

will be the first to be turned off again

34
Q

primary motor cortex is located in the

A

posterior frontal lobe and anterior to the sulcus centralis

35
Q

alpha motor neurons are located in the… and innervate what

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord..innervate extrafusal muscle fibers (standard skeletal muscle fibers)

36
Q

cocontraction

A

the agonist and antagonist both contract around a joint. (isometric)

37
Q

cm per inch

A

2.54

38
Q

cals per joule

A

4.186

39
Q

kilometers/miles

A

1.609

40
Q

difference between mechanical and physiological work

A

mechanically speaking if there is not displacement there is not work. but you can be working without moving

41
Q

ergometery

A

measure of mechanic work

42
Q

1kg=how many newtons

A

9.81N

43
Q

joule

A

amount of work required to move 1 kg over a distance of 1 meter

44
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1gram of water by 1 degree celcius

45
Q

Kinetic vs potential

A

kinetic is the energy of motion and potential is the energy of a stationary object.

46
Q

mechanical energy=

A

the sum of potential and kinetic

47
Q

lbs do not convert to kg

A

convert them to Newtons

48
Q

work unit

A

joules

49
Q

work for treadmill

A

it’s grade, body weight, change in velocity

50
Q

work for a cycle

A

resistance, frequency

51
Q

unit for work

A

joules

52
Q

unit for power

A

watts

53
Q

1kg=

A

9.81 N

54
Q

1 lb=

A

4.45N

biomechanics (5 decks)

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