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CNS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system plays the dominant role in…

3

A

coordination
association
integration

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2
Q

Nervous system cannot store… (2)

So, there needs to be constant flow of each.

A

oxygen

glucose

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3
Q

Two main components of the central nervous system.

A

brain

spinal cord

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4
Q

main component of peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

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5
Q

__ cranial nerves.

A

12

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6
Q

__ spinal nerves.

A

31

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7
Q

__ nerve trunks coming off the central nervous system.

A

86

12 + 31 = 43 pairs

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8
Q

Four characteristics of the somatic functional subdivision.

A

Voluntary (skeletal muscles)
Efferent (motor) & Afferent (sensory)
CNS and PNS
Cholinergic (acetylcholine)

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9
Q

Process of transferring signals from cell to cell

A

cholinergic

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10
Q

chemical released from cell in cholinergic reaction

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

Acetylcholine is __________.

A

excitatory - released from one cell and stimulates the other.

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12
Q

________ carry information toward cell body

A

dendrite

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13
Q

_____ carry information away from cell body

A

axon

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14
Q

Two functional subdivisions of the nervous system.

A

somatic

autonomic

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15
Q

Nerves carrying information back to the central nervous system (2 describing terms)

A

Sensory

Afferent

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16
Q

Nerves carrying information from the central nervous system (2 describing terms)

A

Motor

Efferent

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17
Q

Involuntary subdivision of the nervous system.

A

Autonomic

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18
Q

The craniosacral nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

?

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19
Q

Number of neurons it takes to get from the CNS to smooth cardiac muscle.

A

2

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20
Q

The two neurons used to get from the CNS to the target are differentiated as __________ and __________.

A

Preganglionic

Postganlionic

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system ranges from __ to __ in the spine.

A

T1 - L2

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22
Q

The postganglionic neuron is generally longer with _________ nervous system connections.

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

_________ is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons, and _________ is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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24
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
slow heart rate
speed peristalsis
constricts pupils
constrics respiratory tree
A

Parasympathetic

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25
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
speeds heart rate
slows peristalsis
dilates pupils
dilates respiratory tree
A

Sympathetic

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26
Q

Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic in the case of the sympathetic connections.

A

1 to 17

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27
Q

Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic in the case of parasympathetic connections

A

1 to 2

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28
Q

________ responses are widespread, quick and general.

A

Sympathetic

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29
Q

________ responses are slower and more precise.

A

Parasympathetic

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30
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _________

A

Acetylcholine

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31
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release ________

A

Acetylcholine

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32
Q

__________ nerves have short preganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release ___________

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______

A

Norepinephrine

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35
Q

Week 1 of embryology of the CNS: (3)

A

Zygote
Blastocyst
INNER CELL MASS and outer cell mass

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36
Q

Week 2 of embryology of the CNS: (3)

A

Bilaminar Disc
Primitive Streak
Mesoderm formation

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37
Q

First two of the primary germ layer (as part of the bilaminar disc)

A

Ectoderm

Endoderm

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38
Q

Week 3 of embryology of the CNS: (4)

A

Notochord formation
Induction of nervous system
Neural plate
Neural crest and neural tube

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39
Q

Two parts of notochord formation

A

Primary

Definitive

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40
Q

Induction of the nervous system is within the ________

A

ectoderm

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41
Q

From week 3 to week 4, the neural plate invaginates to develop… (2)

A

Neural fold

Neural groove

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42
Q

Full development of the neural fold and neural groove result in a _______ _____ and two ______ _____ cells.

A

Neural tube

Neural crest cells

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43
Q

At birth, the brain makes up about __% of our body weight (____-____g)

A

10% (300-400g)

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44
Q

AS an adult, the makes up __-___% of our body weight (_____-_____g)

A

2-2.5% (1100-1700g)

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45
Q

At birth, the brain uses about ___% of oxygen metabolized

A

60%

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46
Q

As an adult, the brain uses about ___% of oxygen metabolized

A

20%

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47
Q

From week 7 to week 15, there are ________ neurons created every minute

A

250,000 neurons/minute

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48
Q

Neural tube cells give rise to ____ structures.

A

CNS

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49
Q

“Nerve glue”

A

Glioblasts

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50
Q

Most numerous cell in adult CNS

A

Astrocytes

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51
Q

Glioblasts give rise to the ________ and __________

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

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52
Q

Two types of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Fibrillar astrocytes

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53
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes - _____ matter

A

Gray matter

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54
Q

Fibrillar astrocytes - _____ matter

A

White matter

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55
Q

Astrocyte functions (5)

A 
Structural support
BBB
Glucose storage
Form scar like tissue following CNS injury
Neurotransmitter influence
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56
Q

Such neurotransmitters as ________, _______, ________ and perhaps others may be influenced directly by astrocytes at synaptic gaps.

A

Glutamte
Dopamine
Serotonin

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57
Q

Two types of oligodendrocytes

A

Perineuronal satellites

Interfascicular

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58
Q

Perineuronal satellites are associated with ____ matter.

A

Gray matter

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59
Q

Interfasciculars are associated with _____ matter.

A

White matter

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60
Q

Neuroepithelial Cells develop in… (3 variations)

A

Neuroblasts
Glioblasts
Ependymal Cells

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61
Q

Ependymal cells line the _____ _____ and _________ of the CNS

A

Central Canal

Ventricles

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62
Q

Ependymal cells secrete ____ and form the “______ ______”

A

CSF

Choroid Plexus

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63
Q

Presence of cilia in ependymal cells

A

Ciliated early in life, but disappear with age.

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64
Q

_________ - Only in 3rd ventricle (ependymal cells)

A

Tanycytes

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65
Q

Tanycytes transport ____ to the _______ ______ _____

A

CSF (to the)

Hypophyseal Portal System

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66
Q

_______ - Most common primary brain tumor
_______ - Most lethal primary brain tumor
_______ - Derived from _______ cells

A

Astrocytoma - most common
Glioblastoma - most lethal
Ependymoma - derived from EPENDYMAL cells

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67
Q

Ependymoma restrict ____ flow.

A

CSF

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68
Q

Microglia are derived from the ________

A

Mesoderm (not neuroepithelial cells)

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69
Q

Only cells in the CNS that are productively infect by HIV

A

Microglia

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70
Q

Productively infect -

A

Can spread virus that infects it

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71
Q

Phagocytic function of microglia

A

Clear dead and damaged cells

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72
Q

In 1891, _______ ____ ______ stated that the neuron is the _______, ________, and _______ unit of the nervous system

A

Wilhelm Von Waldeyer

Genetic, Anatomical, Functional (unit of the nervous system)

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73
Q

Choroid plexus can be found in the _________

A

Ventricles

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74
Q

Three anatomical types of neurons

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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75
Q

Three physiological types of neurons and function of each.

A

Sensory - signal TOWARD CNS (afferent)
Motor - signal AWAY from CNS (efferent)
Internuncial - signals within the CNS

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76
Q

Bipolar neurons are found almost exclusively with ______ ______

A

Special Senses

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77
Q

5 special senses

A 
smell
vision
taste
hearing
equilibrium
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78
Q

There is only one ______ and multiple _______ in a multipolar neuron

A

(one) Axon

(multiple) Dendrites

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79
Q

Golgi type __ - Long axon

Golgi type __ - Short axon

A

Golgi type I - Long axon

Golgi type II - Short axon

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80
Q

Internuncial ________ neurons connect equivalent structures on opposite sides one the CNS

A

Commissural

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81
Q

Four types of internuncial neurons

A

Commissural
Projection
Intra Segmental
Inter Segmental

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82
Q

Internuncial ________ neurons connect non-equivalent structures in the CNS

A

Projection

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83
Q

With internuncial projection neurons, _______ stays on the same side and _______ crosses the midline to the opposite side.

A

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

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84
Q

Internuncial ____ _______ neurons begin and end at the same cord level

A

INTRA Segmental

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85
Q

Internuncial ____ _______ neurons begin and end at different cord levels

A

INTER Segmental

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86
Q

Two things that determine conduction velocity of a neuron.

A

Diameter of Fiber (larger = faster)

Myelination (myelinated = faster)

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87
Q

Every PNS cell has this covering…

A

Schwann Cell

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88
Q

Each Schwann cell will form one __________ on a neuron

A

Internode

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89
Q

Space between Schwann cells…

A

Node of Ranvier

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90
Q

Length of each internode

A

50 - 750 microns

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91
Q

Length of each node of ranvier

A

~1 micron

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92
Q

Additional coverings in the PNS (besides Schwann cells) (3)

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

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93
Q

The three neural coverings are __________ derived connective tissue

A

Mesodermally

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94
Q

The most elastic of the three coverings of a nerve

A

Perineurium

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95
Q

_________ - the outer coat of a nerve.
It is virtually inelastic and adds protection, strength and support to the ________ within.
It may occupy ___% to ___% of the cross sectional area of the nerve.

A

Epineurium
Fasciculi
25% to 85%

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96
Q

Thickest and outermost meninge of the cranial bones and vertebrae

A

Dura Mater

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97
Q

Outer layer of dura mater…

Inner layer of dura mater…

A

Endosteal Dura - highly vascular (outer)

Meningeal Dura - fibrous (inner)

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98
Q

The meningeal dura is separate from the endosteal dura only where a ______ or ______ _______ ______ is created

A

Falx

Dural Venous Sinus

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99
Q

Where are the endosteal dura and meningeal dura found?

A

ONLY in the cranial vault

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100
Q

Big hole at base of skull where spinal cord passes through.

A

Foramen Magnum

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101
Q

Of the three mesodermally derived neural coverings, which one is continuous with the dura mater?

A

Epineurium

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102
Q

Of the two layers of the dura mater, which one is absent in the vertebral column?

A

Endosteal Dura

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103
Q

Double layers of dura extending into a few fissures of the brain

A

Dural Falces

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104
Q

Dural falces are composed of ________ dura.

A

MENINGEAL dura

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105
Q

The dural falces are _______ shaped

A

Sickle

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106
Q

Dural falx located in the frontal section.

A

Falx Cerebri

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107
Q

The falx cerebri fills the space of the _______ _________ Fissure

A

Great Longitudinal Fissure

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108
Q

Dural Falx that separates the cerebellum

A

Falx Cerebelli

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109
Q

Dural falx that separates the cerebellum and occipital lobes of the cerebrum (transversely)

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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110
Q

The tentorium cerebelli are located in the ________ ________ Fissure

A

Transvers Cerebral Fissure

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111
Q

The area between the tenorium cerebelli

A

Tentorial Hiatus

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112
Q

The meningeal dura that forms a “roof” over the sella turcica

A

Diaphragma Sellae

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113
Q

Sella Turcica

A

Pituitary Fossa

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114
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles in week 4 of development?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

115
Q

Two secondary vesicles of prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

116
Q

Secondary vesicle of mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

Mesencephalon

117
Q

Two secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

118
Q

Telencephalon develops into… (3)

A

Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Lateral Ventricles

119
Q

Diencephalon develops into… (4)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
3rd Ventricle

120
Q

Mesencephalon develops into… (3)

A

Corpora (qudrigemina)
Cerebral Peduncles
Cerebral Aqueduct

121
Q

Metencephalon develops into… (3)

A

Cerebellum
Pons
4th Ventricle

122
Q

Myelencephalon develops into… (3)

A

Medulla Oblongata
4th Ventricle
‘—-> continuous with spinal cord

123
Q

From birth to one year old, the size of the brain will increase ____ to ____ fold.
The outer cranial circumference will change from an average of ___cm to ___cm.

A

2-1/2 to 3 fold

34cm to 46cm

124
Q

________ week - Embryo can respond to cutaneous stimuli
________ week - Fetus is spontaneously active
________ week - Fetus can grasp

A

8th week
10th week
12th week

125
Q

Primitive-Multipotential cells

A

Neuroepithelial Cells

126
Q

Neuroepithelial cells give rise to… (6)

A

Neuroblasts –> Neurons
Ependymal Cells
Glioblasts –> Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

127
Q

“Leaky” barrier between the CSF and CNS parenchyma.

A

Ependymal Cells

128
Q

Diameter of a neuron’s perikaryon?

Shapes of perikaryon? (5)

A

4 - 130 microns

Star, Round, Oval, Pyramid, Fusiform (football)

129
Q

How long can a process be?

A

a few microns - 40”

130
Q

Three structures that meet a neuron to form a synapse (listed most to least common)

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
(p. 17)

131
Q

In a neuron, mitochondria is concentrated in the _____ _____ and _________

A

Cell Body

Telodendria

132
Q

Nissl Bodies… (3)

A

RER
Free Ribosomes
Free Iron (Fe^H deposits)

133
Q

Nissl bodies are also called _______ bodies

A

Tigroid Bodies

134
Q

All neurons do NOT show nissl bodies. (T/F)

A

True - not all neurons show nissl bodies

135
Q

When present, nissl bodies are found in the ________ and _____ _____. They do NOT appear in the _______ or ________.

A

DENDRITES and CELL BODIES (present)

(NOT in) AXON or its HILLOCK

136
Q

Nissl bodies respond quickly and appear to dissolve if…

Process is called __________.

A

Neuron is injured

Chromotolysis

137
Q

Chromotolysis is sometimes confused with _________, which is a fragmentation of the Golgi Apparatus under similar injurious conditions.

A

Retispersion

138
Q

Hollow, filamentous and made of protein units. They probably constitute about 25% of dry weight of a neuron’s cytoplasm.

A

Neurofibrils

139
Q

3 neurofibrils

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Neurofilaments

140
Q

Microtubules: (function/diameter)
Microfilaments:(diameter)
Neurofilaments:(diameter)

A

Microtubules: Help maintain cell shape/dia. 20-30 nm
Microfilaments: 3-5 nm
Neurofilaments: 9-10 nm

141
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Movement of raw materials within cell

142
Q

Slow Transport:

A

Intracellular movement of such items as protein building blocks for the neurofibrils and mitochondria.

143
Q

Slow transport is classified as slow (____ - ____ mm/day) and occurs in an __________ direction (away from cell body).
Speed of flow is directly related to ______ length, but _______ energy is required.

A

Slow transport is classified as slow (0.1-3.0 mm/day) and occurs in an ANTEROGRADE direction (away from cell body).
Speed of flow is directly related to AXON length, but LITTLE energy is required.

144
Q

Longer Axon = (faster/slower)

A

Faster Movement

145
Q

Fast Transport:

A

Intracellular movement of such items as synaptic vesicles, lysosomes,and certain enzymes.

146
Q

Fast Transport is classified as fast (____ - ____ mm/day) and may occur in the _________ or _________ direction.
Speed of transport in relation to axon length and energy?

A

Fast Transport is classified as fast (100-400 mm/day) and may occur in the ANTEROGRADE or RETROGRADE direction.
Speed of transport is NOT related to axon length, but is ENERGY DEPENDENT (ATP)

147
Q

Anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

148
Q

An extension of the neuron away from its cell body

A

Neuron Process

149
Q

A neuron process conducting an impulse TOWARD the cell body.

A

Dendrite

150
Q

A neuron process conducting an impulse AWAY from the cell body (toward a synaptic or neuromuscular junction)

A

Axon

151
Q

Raised area of the cell body from which an axon arises.

A

Hillock

152
Q

In the CNS, most action potentials are initiated in the _______

A

Hillock

153
Q

A dominantly long process, if present, of a neuron. Usually an axon, but can be a dendrite

A

Nerve Fiber

154
Q

Myelin covering is composed of… (2)

A

Phospholipid/Cholesterol

Neurokeratin (protein) Accumulaions

155
Q

________ cells can start as axon coverings, but make the neuron _______ if they continue to wrap around

A

Schwann Cells

Myelinated (if they continue to wrap around - up to 100x folds)

156
Q

Not myelinated __ micron(s)

A

Not myelinated 2 microns

157
Q

Myelin covers can be found on both _____ and _____ fibers.

There is no myelin over the (3)

A

(myelin covers) PNS and CNS fibers

(no myelin) Telodendria, Perikaryon, or Hillock

158
Q

Two diseases that affect Schwann cells

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrom

Multiple Sclerosis

159
Q

Axons grouped together in CNS

A

White Matter

160
Q

Midline white matter connectors inside the CNS

A

Commissures

161
Q

A stalk or pillar-like formation of CNS white matter.

A

Peduncle

162
Q

If a neuron is damaged, will it divide?

A

No

163
Q

A damaged neuron may regenerate a lost or damaged part depending on… (3)

A

Extent of Damage
Placement of injury on the neuron
CNS or PNS

164
Q

If on neuron in a series degenerates, do the neurons that follow also degenerate?

A

Typically no

165
Q

Following an injury in the PNS or CNS, the capillaries become…

A

More Permeable

166
Q

Sprouts or “growth cones” as they re called may number ___ - ___ pseudopodial extensions from the damaged end of a single fiber

A

10-40

167
Q

Rate of regeneration in the PNS.

A

1-4mm/day

168
Q

Secretions of axons are categorized as… (3)

A

Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
Co-Transmitters

169
Q 
Drugs and neurotoxins that act on neurochemicals:
Amphetamines - 
LSD - 
Caffeine - 
Cocaine -
A

Amphetamines - Deplete dopamine and cause neuron degeneration

LSD - Mimics serotonin

Caffeine - Cyclic AMP alterations causing stimulation

Cocaine - Block reuptake of norepinephrine and can cause release of norepinephrine

170
Q

Drugs and neurotoxins that act on neurochemicals:
Morphine -
Nicotine -
Strychnine -

A

Morphine - Mimics endorphins and enkephalins (natural pain killers)

Nicotine - Mimics Acetylcholine

Strychnine - Prevents GABA and Glycine from being inhibitory and convulsions result

171
Q

There are approximately ___ well-established neurochemicals, but there may be as many as ____ or more.

A

30

(may be) 100 or more

172
Q

7 common CNS neurotransmitters

A 
ACH
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Glycine
Glutamine
173
Q

3 common neurohormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin
Releasing Factor Neurohormones

174
Q

Nearly ___ peptides have been proposed as neurotransmitters.

A

40

175
Q

Within the ______ ______ the dura has only one layer

A

Vertebral Canal

176
Q

The dura is fused to the rim of the _________ ________ and the dorsal surface of the lower _______ and first ________ segment

A

Foramen Magnum
(dorsal surface of lower) Sacrum
first COCCYGEAL segment

177
Q

Nerves that run beyond the spinal cord into the coccyx form the ______ ________ ________

A

Film Terminale Externum

178
Q

The membranes that “compartmentalize” the vault and brain.

A

Dural Falces

179
Q

Is the dura a vascular tissue?

A

Yes, but very few capillaries. Meningeal arteries travel on the surface.

180
Q

Do nerves innervate the dura?

A

Yes:
Supratentorially - C.N. V and VII
Infratentorially - C.N. X

181
Q

Prime candidate for pain/headache/”throbbing”

A

Dura - NOT falces

182
Q

Arachnoid Mater: (5)

A 
Non-Vascular
Simple Squamous
Meningiomas arise from
Form part of Leptomeninges
Dips into fissures and sulci ONLY where dura does
183
Q

The leptomeninges are formed by the arachnoid and ______ mater

A

Pia

184
Q

The arachnoid mater is a cranial nerve sheath for C.N. ___

A

C.N. II

185
Q

Spider-like connections between arachnoid and pia

A

Arachnoid Trabeculae

186
Q

__________ Space:

Space between arachnoid and pia, which is filled with _______.

A

Subarachnoid Space

(filled with) CSF

187
Q

Potential space between Dura and scalp

A

Epidural Space

188
Q

Potential space between Dura and Arachnoid

A

Subdural Space

189
Q

Tank/Vat; Holds fluid

A

Cistern

190
Q

Cisterns:

Between cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Cistern of The Great Cerebral Vein

p. 35

191
Q

Cisterns:
Superior to pons
Anterior/Inferior to pons

A

Interpeduncular Cistern
Pontine Cistern
(p. 35)

192
Q

Cisterns:

Inferior to cerebellum/Posterior to M.O.

A

Cerebellomedullary Cistern

p. 35

193
Q

The largest cranial cistern

A

Cerebellomedullary Cistern

194
Q

The 4th ventricle opens into the cerebellomedullary cistern via the _______ _________

A

Median Foramen

195
Q

Pair of openings that enter the pontine cistern laterally from the fourth ventricle

A

Lateral Foramina

196
Q

Region between the cerebral peducles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain.

A

Interpeduncular Cistern

197
Q

Lower cistern from the tapering end of the spinal cord all the way down to the upper sacral canal

A

Lumbar Cistern

198
Q

The lumbar cistern fills the so-called ________ __-__-___

A

Lumbar Cul-de-sac

199
Q

CSF is removed from the _______ _______ during a lumbar spinal tap.
The needle generally goes between the spinous processes of ___ and ___

A

Lumbar Cistern

between L4 and L5

200
Q

Tufted prolongation of arachnoid mater that herniate into the dura mater and associate with the lining of dural venous flood sinuses.

A

Arachnoid Villi

201
Q

Arachnoid Villi are also called…

A

Pacchionian Bodies

202
Q

The most prominent arachnoid villi is found along the…

A

Superior Sagital Dural Sinus

203
Q

Function of arachnoid villi…

A

Allow used CSF to be removed from the subarachnoid space and carried out of the cranial vault by way of the dural venous sinuses

204
Q

The inner most meninx

A

Pia Mater

205
Q

The pia mater is a (vascular/avascular) transparent membrane paired with the arachnoid as part of the _________

A

Vascular

Leptomeninx

206
Q

Unlike the other meningeal layers, the pia mater…

A

Dips into ALL fissures and sulci of the brain and cord.

207
Q

Outer portion of the pia mater is a complex of…

A

Cells and collagen bundles continuous with the arachnoid trabeculae

208
Q

Three structures formed by the outer portion of the pia mater

A

Blood Vessels (to or from CNS structures)
Denticulate Ligaments
Film Terminale

209
Q

The deeper portion of the pia mater has fine ________ and ________ fiber which is adherent tot he CNS tissue within

A

Reticular and Elastic

210
Q

__________ are sometimes abundant in the deeper portion of the pia mater. They occasionally five rise to tumorous growths.

A

Melanophores

211
Q

The pia form a “cuff,” the pill coat, that surrounds…

A

the larger blood vessels dipping in and out of CNS tissue

212
Q

An epidural hematoma is most commonly due to… (p. 38)

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery due to head trauma

213
Q

A subdural hematoma is most commonly due to…

A

rupture of “bridging veins” due to a “shear injury.”

214
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:
Traumatic -
Non-Traumatic -

A

Traumatic - Associated with cerebral contusions

Non-Traumatic - Associated with a ruptured aneurysm or A-V malformation

215
Q

Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage usually presents as…

A

“Worst headache of my life”

216
Q

The brain takes ___ - ___% of normal cardiac output at rest. It is responsible for nearly ___% of the body’s total metabolic activity

A

14-17% (of normal cardiac output)

15% (metabolic activity)

217
Q

The brain utilizes about 20% of the ________ and _______ used per unit time at rest.

A

Oxygen and Sugar

218
Q

Approximately _____ of blood is perfused through the brain each minute.

A

800 ml

219
Q

Leading cause of death in males and females over 25 years old having high blood pressure.

A

Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident

220
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

221
Q

Most strokes or CVAs are… (2)

A

Due to arterial blockage

Ischemic

222
Q

Only about 10% of strokes or CVAs are ___________

A

Hemorrhagic

223
Q

Blood loss to a brain area results in sudden loss of neurological function.

A

Stroke

224
Q

6 symptoms of stroke

A 
Unconsciousness
Slow Pulse
Flushed Face
Slurred Speech
Headaches
Memory Loss
225
Q

Most common reported sites of strokes.

A

Middle cerebral artery and its branches

226
Q

Most common vessel involved with strokes related to chiropractic manipulation

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

227
Q

Vessels that supply the majority of blood to the brain.

A

Internal Carotid Arteries

228
Q

Only about ___ cerebral arterial circles (of Willis) will fit closely to the pattern given in lecture.
The most common anomalies involve the ________ __________ _______

A

1/2

Anterior Communicating Artery

229
Q

The most stable (consistent) side of the cerebral arterial circle is that formed on the _____ by the _____ ________ _______

A

Left

Left Internal Carotid

230
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Top vertical vessels and the vessel that connects them.

A

Left and Right Anterior Cerebral Arteries

Anterior Communicating Artery

231
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Two vessels that feed into the cerebral arterial circle.

A

Left and Right Internal Carotid Arteries

232
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

First and second lateral branches and the vessel that connects them (in order)

A

Left and Right Middle Cerebral Arteries
Left and Right Posterior Communicating Arteries
Left and Right Posterior Cerebral Arteries

233
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:
Behind the posterior cerebral artery…
Behind that…

A

Left and Right Superior Cerebellar Artery

Left and Right Pontine Arteries

234
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Two lateral branches posterior to the pontine arteries

A

Left and Right Internal Auditory Arteries

Left and Right Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries

235
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Center of the arterial supply. What several vessels branch from.

A

Basilar Artery

236
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Direct branches off the basilar artery

A

Left and Right Vertebral Arteries

237
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

The left and right vertebral arteries pass through…

A

C1

238
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:

Internal branch off the vertebral arteries.

A

Anterior Spinal Artery

239
Q

Brain Arterial Supply:
Lateral branch off the vertebral arteries…
Posterior branch from that…

A

Left and Right Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries

Left and Right Posterior Spinal Arteries

240
Q

Three main blood supply vessels of the spinal cord

A

Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk
(2) Posterolateral Longitudinal Artery Trunks
Segmental Artery

241
Q

Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk…

A

Sends nearly 200 branches into the ventral aspect of the cord

242
Q

Which spinal cord vessel supplies the most blood?

A

Segmental Artery

243
Q

Vulnerable areas of the spinal cord blood supply

A

Posterior Surface of T1 - T3

Anterior Surface of T4 and L1

244
Q

Space between blood vessels and pia…

This contains… (2)

A

Perivascular Space

CSF and Interstitial Fluid

245
Q

As vessels reach the arteriole stage…

A

Pial Coat is lost

Only Glial Cells

246
Q

Which has more dense capillary beds - gray or white matter?

A

Gray

247
Q

Amount of blood normally present in the brain.

Turnover…

A

75 ml

~every 6 sec.

248
Q

The most common capillary type of the CNS is the “_________ ________,” which lacks ______/________

A

Continuous Capillary

(lacks) Holes/Fenestrae

249
Q

“VIP” status that it takes to get to the CNS is due mostly to…
Also, ________ are present on up to ___% of the capillary surfaces

A

Continuous Capillaries

Astrocyte… 85%

250
Q

Lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble substances in terms of the BBB

A

Lipid-Soluble will CROSS

Water-Soluble will NOT CROSS

251
Q

3 lipid soluble substances that will cross the BBB

A

Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine

252
Q

2 water soluble substances that will NOT cross the BBB

A

Botox

Dopamine

253
Q

Venules and veins of the CNS usually… the same course the arteries and arterioles followed inward.

A

Do NOT follow back

254
Q

Most cerebral veins penetrate the… (2)

to drain in the _____ ______ ______

A

Arachnoid Mater and Meningeal Dura

Dural Venous Sinuses

255
Q

When venous obstruction occur, _______ may be most helpful in reducing cranial blood pressure.

A

Plexuses

256
Q

Dural venous sinuses have a simple __________ lining.

A

Endothelial

257
Q

Vessels that drain from the scalp into DVSs.

Vessels that drain from bone into DVSs.

A

Emissary (scalp)

Diploic (bone)

258
Q

Longest DVS

A

Superior Sagittal DVS

259
Q

Just below the superior sagittal dos (2)

A 
Inferior Sagittal DVS (anterior)
Straight DVS (posterior)
260
Q

Inferior continuation of the superior sagittal DVS

A

Occipital DVS

261
Q

Inferior and lateral to the straight DVS

A

Right and Left Transverse DVSs

262
Q

Branches from the transverse DVSs

A 
Superior Petrosal DVS (left and right)
Sigmoid DVS (left and right)
263
Q

The sigmoid DVS branches to…

and feeds into…

A 
Inferior Petrosal DVS (left and right)
Internal Jugular (left and right)
264
Q

The superior and inferior petrosal DVSs continue to the…

A

Cavernous DVS

265
Q

The straight and occipital DVSs usually flows into…

A

Left Transverse DVS

266
Q

The junction of the straight, occipital and superior sagittal…
Where does blood flow from there?

A

Confluence of Sinuses

into the Transverse DVSs

267
Q

Most blood from the superior sagittal DVS flow into…

A

Right Transverse DVS

268
Q

What runs through the cavernous DVSs

A

3 internal carotid arteries

269
Q

All members of the phylum _______ have a dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord

A

Chordata

270
Q

Specialized ependymal structure that produces CSF.

It produces ___-___% of total

A

Choroid Plexus

70-80%

271
Q

Largest ventricle

A

Lateral Ventricles (right/left)

272
Q

A glial membrane called the _______ ________ keeps each lateral ventricle totally separate from the other.

A

Septum Pellucidum

273
Q

Five parts of the lateral ventricles

A 
Anterior Horn
Ventricular Body
Collateral Trigone (atrium)
Inferior Horn
Posterior Horn
274
Q

A narrow opening in the substance of the diencephalon.

A

Third Ventricle

275
Q

Inferiorly, the third ventricle is continuous with the _______ _________ of the mesencephalon

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

276
Q

An irregularly shaped expansion between the posteriorly located cerebellum and the anterior pons and cranial half of the medulla oblongata

A

Fourth Ventricle

277
Q

Five openings of the fourth ventricle

A 
Cerebral Aqueduct
Median Foramen
Central Canal
Right Lateral Foramina
Left Lateral Foramina
278
Q

CSF forms during the ___ and ___ month of fetal development.

It is mostly _______.

A

5th and 6th

Water

279
Q

CSF is quite different from _______ ______, but has a close similarity to brain ________ fluid.

A 
Blood Plasma (different from)
Brain Interstitial Fluid (similar)
280
Q

Three functions of CSF

A

Shock Absorber
Bouancy –> 1500g acts like ~50grams
Other –> Vit. C absorption, Hormone Transport, Lymph Replacement

281
Q 
At any one moment, an individual will have from \_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ ml of CSF
Total Body Fluid:
Intracellular Fluid:
Extracellular Fluid:
Blood Plasma:
A 
CSF: 80 to 150 ml
Total: 40 L
Intracellular: 25 L
Extracellular: 15 L
Blood plasma: 3 L
282
Q

CSF production and overturn…

A

Overturned 4-5 times/day

We produce 500ml/day

283
Q

Where most CSF is returned to the blood plasma

A

Arachnoid Villi

284
Q

parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system innervates which combination of cranial and sacral nerves?

A

C.N. 3, 7, 9, 10

S2, 3, 4

CNS (6 decks)

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