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Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents

A

geological structures produced by chemical reactions between solid rock and water

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2
Q

biological species concept

A

species can not breed with other species

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3
Q

Stage 3: protocells

A

Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the first cell precursors, called protocells or probionts

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4
Q

Descent with modification

A

over time and generation the traits providing reproductive advantage become more common within the population

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5
Q

Periods

A

not equal in length,

based on the nature of rocks and fossils found there

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6
Q

Murchison meteorite

A

fell in Australia in 69, contained over 14000 different molecules

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7
Q

natural proton concentration difference

A

caused by alkaline fluids from the earths crust flowing up the vent towards the more acidic ocean water. Similar to what is found in human cells

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8
Q

Continental Drift

A

earths continents moving slowly over the underlying hoy mantle

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9
Q

geographic isolation

A

species separated by a physical barrier

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10
Q

mutation

A

changes in the nucleotide sequence of dna

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11
Q

Colonization of Land

A

Devonian period

adaptive radiation

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12
Q

Cambrian period/ explosion

A

the relatively short evolutionary event (20-25 million years) when most major animal phyla appeared according to the fossil record

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13
Q

Precambrian

A

Hadan, archaean, and proterozoic eons name. They make up 88% of the geological time scale

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14
Q

quantitative characters

A

vary along a continuum within a population

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15
Q

First Eukaryotes

A

cells contain organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus.
it is believed the organelles are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotic organisms

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16
Q

hybrids

A

offspring of crosses between different species

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17
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A 
prevent the hybrid zygote from
developing into a viable, fertile adult:
– Reduced hybrid viability
– Reduced hybrid fertility
– Hybrid breakdown
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18
Q

Sympatric (same country) speciation

A

the
process through which new species evolve from a
single ancestral species while inhabiting the same
geographic region.

In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolates a
subset of a population without geographic separation from
the parent species.
• Sympatric speciation can result from polyploidy, natural
selection, sexual selection or the appearance of a new
ecological niches.

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19
Q

Oxygen revolution

A

2..7 to 2.45 billion years ago
posed a challenge for life
provided opportunity to gain energy from light
allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems

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20
Q

Permian Extinction

A

One of the 5 major mass extinctions

killed 90% of marine life 70% of terrestrial

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21
Q

allopolyploid

A

• In subsequent generations, various mechanisms can change a

sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid

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22
Q

Stage 4: Living Cells

A

Probions acquired the ability to self-replicate as well as other cellular properties

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23
Q

evidence that supports evolution

A
  • direct observation of evolution
  • biogeography
  • fossil record
  • comparative anatomy
  • comparative embryology
  • molecular biology
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24
Q

phenotype

A

trait that can vary in a population
determined by genetics and environment

not all phenotypes are heritable

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25
Q

Hybrid zone

A

a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

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26
Q

evolutionary tree

A

hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

can be made using different types of data like anatomical and dna sequence data

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27
Q

analogous

A

features that function similarly because of convergent evolution
ex: bat wings vs. bird wings

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28
Q

adaptation

A

characteristics of organism that enhance their ability to survive in their environment

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29
Q

Alkaline vents

A

supply most of the conditions needed for the formation of life

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30
Q

Division of geologic record

A

Era
Period
Epoch

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31
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest
group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree.
• It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to
determine the degree of difference required for separate
species.

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32
Q

Extinction event

A

a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on Earth
rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation

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33
Q

the fossil record

A

comparing fossils that have been discovered

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34
Q

Archaean

A

oldest primitive fossils found were prokaryotic organisms

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35
Q

5 observations made by darwin

A

1: all species sizes would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced successfully.
2. populations tend to remain stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations.
3. environmental resources are limited
4. individuals of a population vary extensively
5. much of this variation is heritable

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36
Q

molecular biology

A

all forms of life are related to some extent through branching descent from the earliest organisms

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37
Q

Clock analogy

A 
Origin of Solar System and Earth
Prokaryotes
Atmospheric oxygen
Single-celled eukaryotes
Multicellular Eukaryotes
Animals
Colonization of land
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Humans
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38
Q

macroevolution

A

refers to evolutionary change above the species level, this is the cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events.

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39
Q

extinction events

A

major boundaries between eras in the fossil record

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40
Q

autopolyploid

A

an individual with more than two

chromosome sets, derived from one species

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41
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

block fertilization from occurring by:
– Impeding different species from attempting to mate
– Preventing the successful completion of mating
– Hindering fertilization if mating is successful

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42
Q

polyploidy

A

the presence of extra sets of
chromosomes due to accidents during cell division.
• Polyploidy is much more common in plants than in
animals.

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43
Q

Natural selection

A

differential success in reproduction

-produces adaptation

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44
Q

gene pool

A

all the alleles for all loci in a population

45
Q

Era

A

Each era contained unique life forms

46
Q

ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its
ecological niche.
• It applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the
role of disruptive selection

47
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

resulting gene pool may no longer reflect the original populations gene pool

48
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

49
Q

geological record

A

is divided into three eons:
archaean
Proterozoic
phanerozoic

50
Q

homologous

A

features with a common origin but not necessarily similar function.
ex: human hands cat legs bat wings

51
Q

gene flow

A

consists of the movement of alleles among populations

Alleles can be transferred through the movement of fertile
individuals or gametes (for example, pollen).

can decrease of increase the fitness of a population

52
Q

mechanisms that cause evolutionary change

A
  • natural selection
  • genetic drift (founder effect, bottleneck effect)
  • gene flow
53
Q

endosymbiont

A

a cell that lives within a host cell. They eventually become a single organism as they became more interdeoendent

54
Q

Biological evolution 2 aspects:

A

common ancestor (why all life has common chemistry and cell structure)

adaptation (a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment)

55
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

Many important functions of eukaryotic cells, such as photosynthesis and respiration, were acquired through a symbiosis of independent forms of life

56
Q

Natural selection

A

more advantageous trait will survive

57
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic isolation restricts gene
flow between populations
• Reproductive isolation may then arise by natural selection,
genetic drift, or sexual selection in the isolated populations
• Even if contact is restored between populations,
interbreeding is prevented

58
Q

genetic drift

A

a variation that happens by chance

reduces genetic variation in small populations through loss of alleles

less likely to happen in large populations

59
Q

The surface of the Earth (crust) is made up of a giant jigsaw of interlocking pieces called tectonic plates

A

they sit on the mantel and move several inches a year

60
Q

ecological isolation

A

species separated by different habitats (floor vs tree)

61
Q

Vent hypothesis

A

All life forms are driven by proton concentration differences across cells’ membranes

62
Q

artificial selection

A

humans modifying other species

63
Q

population

A

a localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

64
Q

Proton Pumps

A

Cells pump protons into reservoir behind a biological membrane to create concentration gradient
The protons then flow back through molecular turbines embedded with the membrane, much like water flowing through a dam
This generates high energy compounds that are used to power the rest of the cell

65
Q

Carbon-rich meteorites

A

contain amino acids, alcohols, and other organic compounds that perhaps could have seeded earth with the materials needed for prebiotic chemistry

66
Q

biogeography

A

the geographic distribution of species

similar species on nearby islands but nowhere else in the world

67
Q

Gradual pattern

A

Species descended from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they acquire unique adaptations.

68
Q

microevelution

A

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

69
Q

principle of faunal succession

A

fossils found in rocks also succeed one another in a definite order, and that a time period can be recognized by the type of fossils contained in its rocks

70
Q

Proterozoic

A

First eukaryotic organisms appeared 2.1 billion years ago

71
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the existence of biological factors(barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.

72
Q

Reinforcement

A

happens when hybrids are less fit than the parent species
natural selection takes over and over time the rate of hybridization decreases
strengthens reproductive barriers

73
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches

74
Q

microevolution

A

consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool

75
Q

monomer examples

A

Amino acid (the basis of proteins) and nucleotides (building blocks of DNA and RNA)

76
Q

Hadan

A

the 1 Billion years there was no life on the planet

77
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs
when biological populations of the same species
become isolated from each other to an extent that
prevents or interferes with gene flow

78
Q

Punctuated pattern of speciation

A

a new species change most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence.

79
Q

The origin of Multicellularity

A

Evolution of Eukaryotic cells allowed for a greater range of unicellular forms
a second wave gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, and animals

80
Q

Late heavy bombardment

A

reason for composition of earth atmosphere changes

81
Q

Geological record

A

the history of earth as recorded in the rocks that make up its crust

82
Q

Origin of Life Stage 1: small organic molecules

A

abiotic synthesis of simple organic molecules, called monomers, form inorganic compounds

83
Q

comparative anatomy

A

comparing similarities in anatomy

84
Q

Epochs

A

subdivision of periods

85
Q

speciation

A

the origin of new species

86
Q

law of superposition

A

each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it

87
Q

The hydrothermal origin of life

A

Alkaline hydrothermal vents at lost city in the atlantic ocean, formed by the non volcanic process of serpentinization, in which seawater reacts with minerals derived from the upper mantle, such as olivine

88
Q

allele

A

a variant of a gene

89
Q

convergent evolution

A

Same features in completely different species with different ancestors so it doesnt provide infor about ancestry.

90
Q

Horodyskia

A

oldest known fossil of multicellular eukaryotes

91
Q

trait

A

a distinguishing quality or characteristic

92
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

93
Q

Devonian period

A

first significant adaptive radiation of terrestrial life.

Plants and fungi likely colonized land together by 420 mya

94
Q

first atmosphere

A

consisted of gases in the solar nebula, primarily hydrogen, but also CO2, H2O vapor, NH3, CH4

95
Q

Oxygen becoming a key player in the atmosphere

A

2.7 Billion years ago

96
Q

Stability

A

Continued formation of hybrid individuals
Many hybrid zones are stable in the sense that hybrids continue to be produced even if the offspring are feeble
happens when hybrid zone is narrow
if hybrid zone was wider, reinforcement could occur

97
Q

discrete characters

A

classified on an either-or-basis

98
Q

Fusion

A

If hybrids are as fit as parents, there can be substantial gene flow between species
If gene flow is great enough, the parent species can fuse into a single species.

99
Q

Water

A

3.8 billion years ago

100
Q

Life forms

A

3.5 billion years ago

101
Q

comparative embruology

A

reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

102
Q

Stage 2: macromolecules

A

organic monomers were joined to form larger macromolecules (polymers), such as DNA RNA and protiens

103
Q

morphological species concept

A

defines a species by structural
features.
• It applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective
criteria

104
Q

genetic locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

105
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolutionary change above the species level, a cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events

106
Q

Five mass extinctions in the geological past

A 
Ordovician
Devonian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceousxt
107
Q

cyanobacteria

A

produced O2 for atmosphere through photosynthesis

108
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Started with prokaryotic cell
Cell gains nucleus by surrounding DNA with a double membrane
Cell gains endomembrane system. increased surface area allows higher rate of transport of materials within cell
cell gains mitochondria
- animal cells
cell gains mitochondria and chloroplasts
-plant cells

Biology (1 decks)

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