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vs 307 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 bases that comprise DNA (full names)?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Thymine (T)
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2
Q
  1. What are the 4 bases that comprise RNA (full names)?
A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
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3
Q
  1. What would be the DNA complimentary strand for the sequence: ATGCCGTT ?
A

TACGGCAA

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4
Q
  1. What would be the RNA transcribed from the sequence ATGCCGTT?
A

UACGGCAA

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5
Q
  1. What is the role of DNA
A
  • Long term storage of information

* Genetic instructions

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6
Q
  1. What is the role of RNA?
A

• Carries out instructions encoded in DNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRna)

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7
Q
  1. Which cells undergo meiosis?
A

Sex cells (RESULT: new cell)

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8
Q
  1. Which cells undergo mitosis?
A

All other cells (RESULT: 2 copies of the same cell)

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9
Q
  1. What is the end product of mitosis?
A
  • Cell division (two copies of the same cell)

* diploid

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10
Q
  1. What is the end product of meiosis?
A
  • Daughter cells / gametes (half as many chromosomes as parents)
  • haploid
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11
Q

what are chromosomes?

A
  • Structure of nucleic acids and protein in the nucleus of cells
  • Carries genetic information
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12
Q
  1. How are DNA, RNA and proteins related to each other?
A
  • DNA is the genetic code
  • RNA translates that code
  • Proteins are what that code make up
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13
Q

what is a codon?

A

• 3 nucleotide sequence that code for an amino acid, start or stop.

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14
Q

What is a synonymous mutation?

A

• When there is a mutation within the code, but the mutation is one that codes for the same codon/amino acid as the original , therefore not changing the protein.

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15
Q
  1. Which types of mutations are called non-synonymous and why?
A
  • Non-sense mutation, missense mutation

* b/c they can change the outcome of the protein

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16
Q

what is a non-sense mutation?

A
  • Mutation that occurs, changing a codon to a STOP codon

* It can greatly shorten the length, often making it useless

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17
Q

what is a missense mutation?

A
  • It changes ONE amino acid within the chain

* It MAY or may NOT have an effect depending on location within the chain

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18
Q

What is an index?

A
  • The insertion or deletion of a base, leading to a frameshift
  • Throws the entire base order off, changing codons
  • Often leads to a STOP codon (non-sense)
  • Frameshift- changes the order of bases, changing the codon sequence
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19
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

A
  • DOM- phenotype is always expressed (physical characteristics) CAPITAL
  • REC- only expressed when 2 copies are present (lack of a DOM) lowercase
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20
Q

What is meant by partial dominance or incomplete dominance?

A
  • Each gene has an effect (dilution gene)
  • One allele is not completely dominant over another
  • Dosage effect
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21
Q

what is an allele?

A

• Alternative forms of a single gene

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22
Q

what is a gene?

A
  • Distinct sequence of nucleotides forming a part of a chromosome
  • Unit of heredity from parent to offspring
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23
Q

what is a sex chromosome

A

• X and Y (male= XY female= XX)

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24
Q

Define homozygous

A
  • Have two of the same alleles (EE, ee)

* Genotype in which both alleles are the same

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25
Q
  1. Define heterozygous.
A
  • Have one of each allele (Ee, eE)

* Genotype in which both alleles are different

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26
Q
  1. What is an autosome?
A

• Chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome

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27
Q

define phenotype

A

observable/physical characteristic

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28
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup/genetic characteristic

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29
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

Indel

• order of bases changes b/c of an insert/deletion causing all following codons to change

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30
Q

what are exons?

A
  • Expressed codon sequences

* Converted into mRNA

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31
Q
  1. What is intergenic DNA
A

• DNA sequence that lies between the gene-coding DNA

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32
Q
  1. What are introns?
A

• Intervening codon sequences (not expressed) [Intron – Exon – Intron

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33
Q
  1. Is a mutation in an intron or an exon more likely to change a phenotype?
A

exon

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34
Q
  1. The gene for gray is always expressed when it is present. What is the mode of inheritance for gray?
A

dominant

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35
Q
  1. When a chestnut mare is bred to chestnut stallions, she always produces chestnuts. When she is bred to bay or black stallions, she often produces bay or black offspring. What is the mode of inheritance for chestnut?
A

recessive

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36
Q
  1. When a bay stallion is bred to a chestnut mare and produces a chestnut filly, what do you know about the genotype of the stallion?
A

• Ee or eE b/c while his phenotype is E, he can produce an e

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37
Q
  1. A tobiano stallion is mated to 50 non-Tobiano mares. Half the time, the offspring are tobiano. Is he homozygous or heterozygous for Tobiano?
A

heterozygous

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38
Q
  1. A gray stallion is mated to 50 non-gray mares. All the offspring are gray. Is he homozygous or heterozygous for gray?
A

homozygous

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39
Q
  1. How many million years ago did the earliest identified ancestor of the horse exist? (+/- 5 million years)
A

over 55 million yrs ago for the 1st ancestor

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40
Q
  1. How long has the genus Equus existed (+/- 5 million years)?
A

5 million years ago

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41
Q
  1. What are three major differences between hyracotheres and horses?
A 
•	Hyracotherium
o	 needed 3 toes to navigate the spongy soft footing of the forests
o	Small stature, deer like to maneuver the forests
o	Browsing teeth
•	Horses
o	Single toed, hooves
o	Large size and range of vision
o	Hypsodont for grazing 
o	Increased movement
o	Cecum
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42
Q
  1. How did teeth evolve in response to selection for grazing? (What was a primary adaptation?)
A
  • Originally browsing teeth (low crown) – as their diet changed due to climate thy would wear quickly leading to starvation
  • Those with high crown, hypsodont teeth survived – grazing teeth
43
Q
  1. How long has it been since horses have been domesticated (+/- one thousand years
A

. 4,500-6,500 years ago

44
Q
  1. Where did Equidae first evolve
A

North America

45
Q
  1. Why did Budiansky say that diet, breeding practices and sociability were aspects of pre-adaptation, specifically, some types are adaptable to domestication while others aren’t?
A

diet- horses have a wide dietary range, making them easy to feed and maintain weight with many different feeds depending on what was available
breeding practices-horses are not fussy breeders, do not have elaborate courtship rituals allowing them to reproduce in captivity without much human intervention
sociability-horses like the company of animals and humans so they were more easily trained

46
Q
  1. Where (What part of the world) were horses first domesticated?
A

Eurasia

47
Q
  1. Which of the following is most closely related to horses: elephant, hippopotamus, dog, yak, rhinoceros, camel?
A

Rhino

48
Q
  1. Why do we believe that hypsodonty evolved in the horse (select best answer)?
    a) Adaptation for speed.
    b) Adaptation for grazing.
    c) Adaptation for standing while sleeping.
    d) Adaptation for greater stature.
    e) Adaptation for digesting cellulose.
A

B. Adaption for Grazing

49
Q

What is meant by diploid

A

diploid-a cell that contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each

50
Q
  1. What is meant by haploid?
A

haploid-a cell containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes

51
Q
  1. Which type of mutation results in a frameshift for reading codons?
    a. Missense
    b. Nonsense
    c. Deletion of 3 bases
    d. Insertion of 1 base
    e. Synonymous
A

D. insertion of one bae

52
Q
  1. Why are mutations in exons more likely to affect the phenotype than mutations in introns?
A

introns are removed after the mRNA is formed so it is not included in the coding of amino acids. The exons exist in the mRNA and code for the amino acids. If a mutation in an exon changes the amino acid that is coded for, the phenotype will likely be affected.

53
Q
  1. What does hemizygous mean?
A

hemizygous-there is only one copy of a chromosome present in a diploid so the traits on that chromosome are automatically expressed

54
Q
  1. G and E are different loci. What is the relationship between the allele causing gray (G) to the allele for black pigment (E) ? —– dominant, recessive, hemizygous, epistatic, allelic, semidominant
A

the relationship is epistatic because the grey allele affects the expression of the black gene at a different locus

55
Q
  1. Which parent’s contribution to the offspring determines gender most of the time?
A

father

56
Q
  1. What is the difference between sex-limited and sex-linked traits?
A

if a trait is sex limited, the trait is influenced by genetic gender ex. Beards, baldness, breasts. If a trait is sex linked determined by the dominant and recessive genes on the sex chromosomes. If the trait is dominant, at least one of the parents will be affected. If the trait is recessive all of the offspring of affected parents will be affected. Affected offspring may also have unaffected parents in this case (parents would be heterozygous). If the trait is sex-linked recessive, you will see a predominance in males b/c they only have 1 X chromosome

57
Q
  1. Why might the digestive tract of horses made them better adapted to the Eurasian steppes than cattle?
A

Horses push food through their digestive system quickly so horses can extract more nutrients from low quality feed over time. Cattle keep food in their digestive tract and ruminate until it is fully digested.

58
Q
  1. Why do some changes in amino acid have no effect on a protein function?
A

There are many combinations of bases that make up a single amino acid. If a base in the amino acid changes, it may still code for the correct amino acid. This will not result in a mutation.

59
Q
  1. What aspect of amino acids is responsible for the differences observed between them?
A

the chemical properties of amino acids is responsible for their differences

60
Q
  1. Genetic recombination occurs during meosis. Explain how this event appears through the microscope?
A

.The maternal and paternal chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and exchange sections.

61
Q
  1. If the phenotypic ratio of offspring is 3:1 for a particular trait, what mode of inheritance does this suggest?
A

dominant

62
Q
  1. If the phenotypic ratio of offspring is 1:2:1 for a trait (blood type, for example), what mode of inheritance does this suggest?
A

co-dominance

63
Q
  1. If the phenotypic ratio of offspring for a trait is 2:1, what does this suggest?
A

if the ratio for a trait is 2:1, this suggests there is a lethal trait that causes mutations so severe that an individual cannot overcome them and survive

64
Q
  1. The traditional image for a chromosome is its appearance under a microscope at metaphase. What does it look like during interphase, specifically, when the cell is not dividing?
A

the DNA is uncoiled and in long strands

65
Q

transcription definition

A

DNA is copied into mRNA

66
Q

translation definition

A

process of translating the sequence of mRNA to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

67
Q

polymerase definition

A

an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, specifically DNA or RNA

68
Q

RNA definition

A

nucleic acid present in all cells, carrier instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins

69
Q

DNA definition

A

the carrier of genetic information. Main constituent of chromosomes

70
Q

amino acid definition

A

building blocks of biological proteins

71
Q

dominant definition

A

an allele that ‘s phenotype is expressed over all other alleles

72
Q

indel definition

A

in insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids that leads to a frameshift mutation

73
Q

co-dominant definition

A

a condition in which alleles in a heterozygous gene are fully expressed. The phenotype is neither dominant or recessive

74
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele is not completely expressed over its paired allele

75
Q

allele definition

A

one possible form of a gene

76
Q

epistasis definition

A

when a gene at one locus has an effect on the expression of a gene on another locus

77
Q

Linkage definition

A

traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of their association between genes

78
Q

sex linked trait definition

A

a gene that is inherited on the X chromosome

79
Q

sex limited definition

A

a trait that is influenced by genetic gender ex. Milk production

80
Q

homozygous definition

A

a genotype in which both alleles of a gene for a particular trait are the same

81
Q

heterozygous definition

A

a genotype in which both alleles of a gene that determine a particular trait are different

82
Q

recessive definition

A

an allele whose phenotype is only expressed when two copies are present

83
Q

loci definition

A

a gene or a specific place on DNA

84
Q

genotype definition

A

the genetic makeup of the horse

85
Q

phenotype definition

A

the traits that are expressed and can be seen

86
Q

meiosis definition

A

takes place in the sex cells, chromosomes cross over and mix, responsible for making gametes

87
Q

mitosis definition

A

cell divides and produces an identical diploid cell, chromosomes don’t pair in mitosis, they simply split, all cells in your body undergo mitosis

88
Q

gene definition

A

a portion of a DNA molecule that serves as the basic unit for heredity

89
Q

heredity definition

A

-the passing of physical or mental characteristics from one generation to the next

90
Q

polymorphic definition

A

the occurrence of more than one form

91
Q
  1. When observing variation among horses, what would lead one to suspect genetic influences rather than management influences?
A

you can suspect genetic influence if the phenotypic ratio of offspring is similar to that predicted by the punnett square

92
Q
  1. What is the genotype of a white horse?
A

Ww

93
Q
  1. A breeder produces a grey Thoroughbred colt from a bay mare. What was the color of his sire?
A

grey

94
Q
  1. What gametes will a stallion produce if he has the genotype Aa Ee?
A

AE Ae aE ae

95
Q
  1. A breeder has a white stallion and several white mares. She breeds them over many years, producing 60 offspring and expects the typical 3:1 (45 white and 15 non-white) ratio of white to non-white progeny. However, she observes a ratio of 2:1 (40 white and 20 non-white) for white and non-white offspring. What are two possible explanations for these results?
A

there is a lethal gene that is causing a severe mutation resulting in death of a fetus or environmental factors

96
Q
  1. I would like to have a chestnut tobiano pony. I have the ability to obtain any mare and stallion in the world to breed them to obtain this phenotype. What would be the best two genotypes to choose to create this foal? What is the likelihood that I will produce a chestnut tobiano from this cross?
A

both genotypes should be TOTO ee

97
Q
  1. What is one of the main reasons that matings between horses and zebras produce sterile offspring?
A

. horses and zebras have different number of chromosomes, so when the offspring is produced it has an odd number of chromosomes.

98
Q
  1. What is the most common equid hybrid found among domestic animals?
A

mule

99
Q
  1. What are four (some would say three) general classifications of equids
A

E. prezwalski, E. onager, zebra, E. kiang

100
Q
  1. Where are equids found today… specifically which ones in which areas… ?
A

E. ferus przwalskii-found in china/Mongolia
onager-india/middle east
zebra- central and east Africa
kiang- west china/tibet

101
Q
  1. What does the term “caballine” mean and which species are included in this group?
A

.cabaline means “pertaining to the horse”. The groups included in this classification are equidae, rhinocerotidae and tapiridae

102
Q
  1. What is the latin name for horse?
A

Equus Caballus

103
Q
  1. What is the difference between Equus ferus caballus and Equus caballus
A

Nothing, ferus is just the species name for the horse

104
Q
  1. When did Equus go extinct in the Americas?
A

about 12000 years ago

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