Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

Used Golgi stain to show neurons in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of loop is Na related with

A

Positive feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What drugs bind to GABA-B receptors

A

Baclofen (muscle relaxant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did John Hughlings Jackson propose

A

Multiple brain areas are essential for complex function including perception, action, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who was Charles Sherrington

A

English physiologist who said nerve cells are linked by synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

Memory and learning (Alzheimer’s)

Neuronal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Sensory processing neurons,; ascend spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

With low stimulation, what happens with peptides

A

Neuron release just NeuroTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do we increase axon/dendrite diameter?

A

Decrease intracellular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

regulate vasodilation

enhance inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of central ACh?

A

Autonomic regulation and selection of objects of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drugs bind to GABA-A receptors

A

Barbiturates (Sedation, decrease anxiety, anticonvulsants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Front to back of the brain

A

Rostral to Caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is white matter of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns; axons ascend/descend spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 types of axoplasmic transport

A

Anterograde: from soma out
Retrograde: from synaptic terminal to soma
Slow axoplasmic:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do G-protein mediated receptors work?

A

Ligand binds to receptor–>receptor activates G-protein–>G-protein moves through cell to its effectors and activates or inhibits its effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Astrocyte functions

A

Cell signaling, scavengers, BBB, development, neuronal support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Increasing resistance of the axon will:

A

Slow movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of dopamine

A 
Motor systems (PD)
Schizo (lower dopamine lvls)
Reward system (addiction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Schwann cell function

A

Surround unmyelinated axons, phagocytic, promote axon regeneration in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of Muscarinic ACh receptors

A

Autonomic fxn (slow heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the mode of transmission for cAMP to a alpha-2 receptor?

A

NE binds to alpha-2 receptor–>activates inhibitor G-protein–>inhibits adenylyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Location of opioid peptide receptors

A

Hypothalamus, spinal cord, periaqueductal gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does myelination help increase speed of APs?

A

Increases membrane resistance (ions can’t escape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the receptors of GABA and what is it used for

A

GABAa and GABAb

For CP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is central ACh associated with?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What all happens if a pt has hypokalemia

A

Equilibrium potential becomes more negative
Resting potential becomes more negative
Neuron becomes less excitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Convergence

A

Multiple inputs from different neurons terminate on single neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is histamine located at and what is its function

A

Hypothalamus

regulate hormonal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A larger than normal stimulus can produce a 2nd AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 types of injury to the nervous system

A

Fast- Trauma/Vascular: MVA, stroke, SCI
Mod- Infection/Inflammation: HIV, parasites
Slow- Degeneration/Cancer: Cancer, Alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lateral horn

A

sometimes present; involved in ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Types of lesions based on distribution

A

Focal: 1 part
Multifocal: > 1 part
Diffuse: All or major parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Top to bottom of the brain

A

Dorsal to Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Different interactions between neurons

A

Divergence

Convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Modality-gated ion channels

A

Sensory, located on dendrites, open/close in response to sensory stimuli to cause local potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Axo-axonal transmission
Depolarization makes AP last longer/stronger at 2nd axon presynaptic terminal
Hyperpolarization: AP lasts shorter at 2nd presynaptic terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Excite or inhibit postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

With high stimulation, what happens with peptides

A

Neurons release both peptide and NeuroTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 terms for when white matter crosses the midline

A

Commissure: straight across, 1 level to same level opposite
Decussation: cross level to another level at angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Equilibrium potential for Cl

A

-90mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which types of cells are affected with Guillian-Barre?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

Response to neurotransmitter or drug binding, located on post-synaptic terminal, cause local potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Density of internode

A

<25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

More Ca located where

A

outside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Density of axon hillock

A

350-500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do we increase the speed of APs?

A

Decrease neuronal resistance

Increase membrane resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

visual cortex fxn

A

sense bars of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

fxn of retina

A

sense light in center and darkness outside, vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Diagnosis of lesions include

A

CNS or PNS, focal/mutli/diffuse, acute-chronic, syndrome or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Density of the soma

A

50-75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ventral horn

A

Lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the receptor of peripheral ACh in the ANS?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fxn of rods and cones

A

sense points of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the mode of transmission for PIP2

A

G-protein stimulates PLC–>PLC splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3–>DAG stimulates downstream enzyme protein kinase C (PKC)—>IP3 sitmulates Ca release–>Ca stimulates downstream ezymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Axo-axonal transmission

A

Can modify how much neurotransmitter is released by a 2nd neuron to another neuron (excite or inhibit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Density of unmyelinated axon

A

110

58
Q

Spatial summation

A

Local potentials from different points combine. Can be excitatory or inhibitory

59
Q

More Na located where

A

outside cell

60
Q

What happens with Hyperkalemia

A

Equilibrium potential increases, membrane potential increases, neuron becomes more excitable

61
Q

Equilibrium potential for K

A

-96mV

62
Q

What is substance P

A

Neurotransmitter in some of neurons in sensory pathways that relay pain sensation

63
Q

What is the function of Glycine

A

Inhibit postsynaptic membranes

64
Q

What is the function of dopamine

A

Motor activity: PD (too little)
Cognition: Schizophrenia (too much)
Motivation: (drug addiction)

65
Q

Function of Microglial cells

A

Phagocytic cell: After injury, destroy injured or aging neurons

66
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A

Send periphery info to the brain, process info, reflex responses

67
Q

Different types of Macroglial cells

A

Astrocytes (CNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann Cells (PNS)

68
Q

Oligodendrocyte functions

A

Produce myelin

69
Q

What is the function of the monoamines

A

Diffuse systems (sleep, wake, consciousness, attention, regulation of pain)

70
Q

Different ways of increasing local potentials

A

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

71
Q

Density of node of ranvier

A

2k-12k

72
Q

What is the function of Serotonin

A

Cognition, sleep, perception of pain, motor activity, mood

73
Q

Divergence

A

single axon has several branches that terminate on many different cells

74
Q

PET scan

A

Radioactive tracer in blood to detect local neural activity

75
Q

What cells are affected with MS

A

Oligodendrocytes

76
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty with speaking; Including only nouns and verbs

77
Q

Temporal summation

A

Sequential local potentials from 1 point add together. No inhibition

78
Q

What kind of loop is K related with

A

Negative feedback loop

79
Q

What is the function of peripheral ACh in the ANS?

A

Keep us alive, regulate visceral function

80
Q

Contents in the gray matter

A

Cell bodies (motor neurons,), interneurons (Sensory and motor) and nerve ending (sensory neurons)

81
Q

What receptors do GABA-A use

A

Ligand-gated

82
Q

Phrenology

A

attempt to understand personality, function, and brain ability by feeling bumps on the head.

83
Q

What is the function of inositol triphosphate

A

regulate Ca ion stores

84
Q

What is the effect of carbon monoxide

A

short-lasting rapid effect that affects neuroT release

85
Q

Increasing diameter of the axon will:

A

decrease resistance, therefore increase speed

86
Q

How is packaging of synaptic transmission interfered with?

A

Lambert-Eaton: Pts w/ cancer, antibodies produced against voltage-gated Ca channel of NMJ resulting in decrease in muscle strength.

87
Q

Example of diffuse lesion

A

Alzheimer’s, dementia, diabetes peripheral neuropathy

88
Q

Microglia dysfunction is associated with

A

Alzheimer’s, AIDS

89
Q

What are the effects of G-protein mediated receptors?

A

Open/close ion channel, activate/inhibit enzymes/genes, regulate Ca levels

90
Q

CAT scan

A

Uses different images on brain to create a 3-D image to detect blockage or bleeding of BVs

91
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Effect G-PRO which activate 2nd messengers; last minutes to days

92
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus

A

Visceral control (fine tunes basic biological control of bod)

93
Q

Which Ganglia is not found in the PNS

A

Basal ganglia: CNS

94
Q

Equilibrium potential for Na

A

+60mV

95
Q

Guillan-Barre

A

Mild infection with symptoms 2-3 weeks later. autoimmune attack on myelin in PNS. decreased sensation/pain, motor paralysis, respiratory weakness

96
Q

Path of APs at postsynaptic terminal

A

Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors–>membrane channel changes configuration and ions enter postsynaptic cell

97
Q

What are the 3 families of endogenous opioid peptides

A

Endorphins: large, runner’s high
Enkephalins: small, runner’s high
Dynorphins

98
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

Mechanism for relatively rapid transport of organelles and molecules to/from presynaptic terminal

99
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

Open/close in response to changes in membrane potential. Important for APs and release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminal

100
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

AP travels quickly through myelinated regions, slow at nodes.

101
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

No stimulus, no matter how large can cause a 2nd AP

102
Q

How fast is slow axoplasmic transport

A

1mm/day–>1in/mo–>1ft/yr

103
Q

What is the function of Beta 1 receptors

A

Increase force and contraction of the heart (Beta-blockers)

104
Q

What is the mode of transmission for cAMP to a beta receptor?

A

NE binds to beta receptor–>activates stimulatory G-protein–>activates adenylyl cyclase–>generates cAMP–>activates downstream enzyme protein kinase A

105
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the CNS?

A

Amino acids

106
Q

What is the function of Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Modulates ion channels (pain sensation in PNS)

107
Q

What is L-DOPA

A

Immediate precursor of dopamine.

Major therapy for PD

108
Q

Names of Gray matter

A

Nucleus: CNS
Ganglion: PNS

109
Q

MRI

A

Produce 3-D image of brain to provide activity info about activity-related BF

110
Q

More K located where

A

Inside cell

111
Q

What are the excitatory amino acids

A

Aspartate

Glutamate

112
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance/equilibrium, eye movement

113
Q

What receptors do GABA-B use

A

G-protein

114
Q

More Cl located where

A

outside cell

115
Q

How is neurotransmitter release interfered with?

A

Botox: block release of ACh at NMJ. Treat spasticity

116
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Difficulty understanding speech

117
Q

When does the action at the receptor end?

A

NeuroT diffuses away from synaptic cleft
NeuroT is broken down to inactive form
NeuroT taken up into presynaptic terminal

118
Q

Paths of APs at presynaptic terminal

A

AP reaches presynaptic terminal–>Ca enter presynaptic terminal–>vesicles move toward release site

119
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Myelin sheath replaced by glial scarring. Paresthesias, dysesthesias, visual blurring, diplopia

120
Q

Functional and anatomical organization of neurochemical systems

A

Local circuits: general info 1 region to next
Diffuse systems: general info 1 region to every
Relay systems: specific info from 1 region to next (sensation)

121
Q

What are endogenous opioid peptides involved with?

A

Involved in pain inhibition, regulation of hormonal systems

122
Q

What is nitrous oxide

A

NeuroM that regulates vascular system, involved in cell death of neurons, and changes in postsynaptic neuron in response to repeated stimuli

123
Q

how does the NMJ fire an AP?

A

AP–>ACh release–>depolarize and contract

124
Q

What is the function of NMDA ion channels

A

Neuronal cell death

Overeactivity can cause epileptic seizures

125
Q

Types of ion channels

A

Modality-gated, ligand-gated, voltage-gated

126
Q

What is the function of serotonin

A

Regulate BVs, sleep

Low levels associated with depression/suicide

127
Q

What is the function of GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, interneurons in spinal cord

128
Q

What do Arachidonic acids produce?

A

Prostaglandins

129
Q

Function of the Thalamus

A

Relay center for info going to cerebral cortex; all sensations except smell travel through Thalamus

130
Q

How is Na and K concentrations maintained?

A

Na-K ATPase:

3 Na out, 2 K in

131
Q

What are the receptors for central ACh?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

132
Q

Special considerations for peptides

A

More Neuromodulators than neurotransmitters
NeuroTs: rapid onset, short lifespan
NeuroMs: slower onset, longer lifespan

133
Q

What are the different Glutamate receptor ion channels

A

AMPA: fast
Kainate: fast
NMDA: slow

134
Q

What are the inhibitory amino acids

A

Glycine

GABA

135
Q

How is receptor binding interfered with?

A

Myasthenia gravis: antibodies to nicotinic ACh receptor. Increased weakness of eye muscles

136
Q

What is the function of glutamate

A

Learning, development, neuronal death after CNS injury

137
Q

How is Acetylcholine metabolized

A 
Acetyl-Coenzyme A &amp; Choline
CAT
Acetylcholine
AChE
Acetate and Choline
138
Q

How drugs interfere with synaptic transmission at the different stages

A

Synthesis, packaging, Ca regulation, NeuroT release, receptor binding, NeuroT degradation, NeuroT reuptake

139
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine

A

ANS: fight/flight, panic attacks

Attention/vigilance: PTSD (block norepi)

140
Q

What is the function of Beta 2 receptors

A

Bronchodilation in the lungs (Inhaler)

141
Q

Which receptors do postsynaptic potentials act on?

A

Nicotinic

Neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions