exam 1

Question 1

Motor development

Answer 1

deals with the continuous, age related change in movement, as well as the interacting constraints in the individual , environment, and task that drive these changes.

Question 2

Motor Learning

Answer 2

refers to relatively permanent gain in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

Question 3

• Motor Control

Answer 3

is the study the neural, physical and behavioral aspects of moving

Question 4

three characteristics of development

Answer 4

1. Continuous process of change in functional capacity. This would be a cumulative process. “Living organisms are always developing”
2. Development is related to age, but not dependent on it. As age advances development proceeds. And it never stops at a certain age, it continues through life.
3. Lastly development includes sequential change. One stage leads to another. Can be from interaction from two individuals or the individual and environment.

Question 5

Constraints

Answer 5

the characteristics of the individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others

Question 6

Individual constraints

Answer 6

have to do with unique physical and mental characteristics. They can be either functional or structural. Functional being mental or behavioral and structural being related to body structure.

Question 7

Environmental constraints

Answer 7

are constraints related to our environment such as temperature , sunlight, humidity, surfaces of the ground

Question 8

• Task constraint

Answer 8

like environmental, are also external but have to do with the goals of particular movement or activity, rules, as well as choice of equipment.

Question 9

three main types of developmental research studies

Answer 9

longitudinal, mixed-longitudinal, and cross-sectional

Question 10

• Longitudinal research study

Answer 10

the same individual or group is observed performing the same tasks or behaviors on numerous occasions over a long time.

Question 11

• Cross-sectional research study

Answer 11

study in which developmental change is implied

Question 12

• Mixed longitudinal study

Answer 12

several age groups are observed at one time or over a shorter time span , permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observation

Question 13

• Variability

Answer 13

would be looking at individual children’s characteristics and behavior.

Question 14

universal

Answer 14

conformed to all.

Question 15

Maturational perspective

Answer 15

believes that genetic are heredity are primarily responsible for motor development and that the environment has not effect.

Question 16

Information Processing Perspective

Answer 16

The brain acts as a computer, taking info, processing, and outputting movement. This occurs as a result of external or environment.

Question 17

• Ecological Perspective-

Answer 17

interrelationships between the individual, the environment, and the task. Considered to be the development of multiple systems rather than one.

• Dynamic systems approach: has to do with rate limiters, or controllers.
• Perception- action Approach: the perceptual system and motor system, emphasizing that these systems evolved together.

Question 18

affordances

Answer 18

a person looks at an object, he or she directly perceives the function that the object will allow, based on the person’s body and on the objects size, shape, and body.

Question 19

Body scaling

Answer 19

using a particular individuals body proportions when making movement decisions.

Question 20

Spontaneous Movements

Answer 20

infants’ movements that occur without any apparent stimulation. Such as supine kicking and spontaneous arm movement

Question 21

Infantile Reflexes: Involuntary

Answer 21

Involuntary, stereotypical movement response to a specific stimulus. Three types or infantile reflexes include:
- Primitive and locomotors reflexes and postural reaction

Question 22

three explanations for infantile reflexes

Answer 22

• Structural: reflexes are by product of the human neurological system. (wired that way)
• Functional: reflexes exist for infants survival.
• Applied: examines the roles of reflexes in future volitional movements.

Question 23

Average age of walking

Answer 23

7 mo

Question 24

Average age of running

Answer 24

13-14 mo

Question 25

Phasing process of walking

Answer 25

individuals alternate their legs so that the left leg is half way through its motion as the right leg begins its own

Question 26

Running:

Answer 26

• 50% phasing period like walking but includes flight phase

Question 27

Less Proficient Walker Characteristics

Answer 27

Out-toeing increases.
Arms high- to mid-guard.
Stride length decreases
Pelvic rotation decreases.
Limited ROM, e.g. ankles.

Question 28

Proficient Walking

Answer 28

Stride length increases.
Base of support is reduced.
Pelvis is rotated.
Opposition (arms to legs).

Question 29

early running characteristic

Answer 29

 Arms in high guard
 Short stride length
 Little pelvic rotation

Question 30

Proficient Characteristics of running

Answer 30

 Increased stride length
 Narrow base of support
 Trunk rotation

Question 31

highest profile for jumper

Answer 31

Step 4 legs and arms: heels up first , knees extend, tips body at 30 degrees,
arm: extend during crouch, and fully flex over head during extention of legs

***The highest developmental profile for horizontal jumping is 4-­‐4, remember, leg action
always
comes
first.

Question 32

highest profile for hopping

Answer 32

The highest
developmental profile or the skill of hopping is a 4-­‐5. Remember, leg action always comes
first.

Question 33

physical growth

Answer 33

increase in size or body mass

Question 34

Aging

Answer 34

occurs with the passage of time, leads to loss of adaptabilty or full function

Question 35

structural constraints

Answer 35

physical

Question 36

functional constraints

Answer 36

mental or behavioral

Question 37

rate limiter

Answer 37

constraint that slows emergence of motor skill

Question 38

infantile reflex

Answer 38

involuntary response to specific stimuli during infancy

Question 39

motor milestone

Answer 39

fundamental motor skill which is associated with late voluntary movement