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Immunology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which is larger of the two cel types?

A

Macrophages

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2
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which has a multi-part nucleus (polymorphonuclear)?

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which of the two is abundant in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which of the two are long-lived?

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which of the two are attracted to damage/infected tissues by CXCL8?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which of the two uses many receptors to distinguish “self” from “non-self?”

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

Answer the following about neutrophils and macrophages: Which of the two has several other functions besides phagocytosis (such as cytokine secretion)?

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

What is innate immunity and what cells does it involve?

A

The initial response to invasion, not specific to a particular pathogen; very rapid; Eliminates majority of pathogens; Macrophages, granulocytes, and NK cells

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9
Q

What is adaptive immunity and what cells does it involve?

A

More powerful response focused on a particular pathogen; Slower (days to weeks); Involve lymphocytes and dendritic cells

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10
Q

NK cells are very similar and hard to distinguish from which other cell type?

A

T cells

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11
Q 
Through which of the following signaling mechanism(s) do macrophages activate natural killer cells? 
A. TLR and NRP receptors
B. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta 
C. IL-12 and IL-15
D. CD56 and CD3 
E. NKkB
A

C. IL-12 and IL-15

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12
Q

Which cells undergo clonal selection after interaction with the pathogen/antigen that they specifically bind to?

A

B and T cells

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13
Q

The lectin, classical and alternative pathways of complement activation have what end result in common?

A

Deposition of C3b on the pathogen surface

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14
Q

In adult humans, what is the primary site of leukocyte production from hemopoietic stem cells?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

A monocyte is a precursor for which cell type?

A

Macrophage

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16
Q

Which type of cell can be either a “helper” or “cytotoxic” type?

A

T cells

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17
Q

Which type of leukocyte becomes plasma cell and produces antibodies?

A

B cell

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18
Q

Which complement pa thaw is activated first? during the early innate immune response, as a result of spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 into iC3

A

Alternative

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19
Q 
Which of the following is a complement control protein that negatively regulates complement activation by cleaving C3b into the inactive form iC3b?
A. DAF
B. MCP
C. Factor P
D. Factor H 
E. Factor I
A

E. Factor I

20
Q

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 all function together in which process?

A

Membrane attack complex

21
Q

Which of the following cell types would originate from a common lymphoid precursor?

A

B-cell or T-cell

22
Q

What are defensins?

A

Antimicrobial proteins

23
Q 
Which of the following is a cytokine secreted by dendritic cells that activate NK cells? 
A. TNF-alpha 
B. IL-6
C. IL-15
D. IL-1beta 
E. CXCL8
A

C. IL-15

24
Q

Which of the following are horseshoe of C-shaped receptors that dimerize and function to initiate signaling across cell membranes?

A

Toll-like receptors

25
Q

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and CXCL8 are cytokines released from macrophages that function together for what critical purpose?

A

To get neutrophils into the tissue

26
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) both detect pathogens and activate the transcription factor NFkB. What is the primary function of NFkB?

A

Stimulate production/secretion of inflammatory cytokines

27
Q

The Selectin and ICAM-1 and 2 are involved in which process?

A

Adhesion of neutrophils to vascular endothelium

28
Q

Within neutrophils, in what critical process in NADPH involved?

A

Raising pH within the phagosome

29
Q

The inflammasome, involving active Caspase 1, has an important role in which process?
A. Activation/secretion of IL-1 beta
B. Extravasation
C. Lectin pathway for complement activation
D. Production/secretion of type 1 interferons
E. Activation of natural killers (NK) cells

A

A. Activation/secretion of IL-1 beta

30
Q

Which of the following function as a primary lymphoid tissue ONLY during early development (prior to birth)?

A

Liver

31
Q

Which of the following cytokines specifically acts to increase the temperature at the injury/infection site?

A

IL-6

32
Q 
Which of the following do both lectin and classical pathways of complement activation have in common? 
A. Hydrolysis of C3 to iC3 
B. Formation of the convertase C4bC2a 
C. Formation of membrane attack complex 
D. MBL, MASP-1 and MASP-2
E.C1q, C1r and C1s
A

B. Formation of the convertase C4bC2a

33
Q

Which of the following is true about Type 1 interferons?

A

All body cells produce them

34
Q

What do toll-like receptors 3, 7, 8, and 9 all have in common?

A

They are intracellular receptors that detect viral DNA/RNA

35
Q

Detection of a virus by a TLR or RLR receptor is followed by activation of IRF3 or IRF7. What is the function of IRF3 and IRF7?

A

Production/secretion of Type 1 interferons

36
Q

What happens when dendritic cells substantially outnumber NK cells during the latter part if the innate immune system?

A

The adaptive immune response is initiated

37
Q

Which of the following is an important the of macrophage receptor that contributes to detecting pathogens?

A

Scavenger receptor

38
Q

Which cells undergo “netosis” after they die to form a net that traps pathogens?

A

Neutrophils

39
Q

What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells specialize in?

A

Type 1 interferon production

40
Q

Two examples of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Speen and tonsils

41
Q

Two examples of primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

42
Q

After a pathogen us coated with C3b, what is one way the pathogen can be eliminated?

A

Phagocytosis by a neutrophil

43
Q

What do the anaphylatoxins do (the smallest parts of cleaved C3 and C5; C3a and C5a)?

A

They serve as signaling proteins to attract other factors and cells necessary for response pathway

44
Q

What is the function of a C3 convertase?

A

To cleave C3a and C3b

45
Q

What are a few effects/functions of Type 1 Interferons during the interferon response to viral infection?

A

Inhibition of viral DNA/RNA replication; positive feedback to signal for more interferon production; and the attraction of NK cells

Immunology (5 decks)

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