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Life Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Suppose that a botanist is interested in the effect of light on plants. In an experiment she conducts, 50 individual plants of a single species of flowering plant are grown for 60 days under different lengths of artificial daylight in a greenhouse. The plant species has flowers that can be either white or pink, depending on the genetics of the parent plants. The amount of water and fertilizer provided to each plant is constant. At the end of the experiment, the size of each leaf of every plant is measured. The dependent variable in this experiment is the:

A

Leafs size

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2
Q

The scientific method is used to:

A

Answer specific questions about the natural world

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3
Q

A scientific hypothesis has all of the following features EXCEPT that it is:

A

Able to be proven true

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4
Q

Which of the following hypothesis is NOT testable?

A

The dinosaur T. rex was a scavenger, not a predator

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5
Q

Results from one test of a new drug are found to be statistically significant; therefore, the hypothesis…

A

Should be tested again

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6
Q

A ___ subject is treated as closely as possible to an experimental subject except that he or she does not get the experimental treatment.

A

Control

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7
Q

What does it mean to say that experimental results are peer reviewed?

A

The results are analyzed by other scientists before they are published.

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8
Q

The most effective control subjects in a test of an experimental treatment are:

A

Treated the same as experimental subjects but not given the experimental treatment

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9
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about experimentation?

A

Some hypotheses can not be tested by experimentation

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10
Q

A scientific theory is:

A

An explanation supported by a very large amount of experimental evidence

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11
Q

Scientists believe that the first prokaryotes on earth arose ___ years ago, and the first eukaryotes arose ___ years ago.

A

3.5 billion; 1.7 billion

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12
Q

Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT:

A

Genes made from proteins

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13
Q

Which organelle is represented by a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Assume that a plant is suffering from drought and is beginning to wilt. Which cell component is most likely being affected, and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure?

A

Vacuole; water

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15
Q

Enzymes are:

A

Proteins

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16
Q

Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Neutrons and protons

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17
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

7

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18
Q

If life on mars is fundamentally like life on earth, it’s macromolecules will be based on which element?

A

Carbon

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19
Q

Mitochondria convert food energy into a high-energy molecule that is directly usable by the cell, called ___.

A

ATP

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20
Q

What kind of bond holds the atoms of a single water molecule together?

A

Covalent bonds that are polar

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21
Q

What makes some people “lactose intolerant” as adults?

A

Lactose-intolerant people don’t produce adequate amounts of lactase

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22
Q

Nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities are called ___.

A

Macronutrients

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23
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored in humans as:

A

Glycogen in muscles and the liver

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24
Q

A decrease in the body’s normal water level can cause all of the following problems EXCEPT:

A

Increased sweating

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25
Q

To lose one pound of fat in a week, what combination of changes in your diet and exercise is needed?

A

Reduce food intake by 200 calories per day and increase exercise to burn off 300 more calories per day

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26
Q

Which of the following is an example of a food that is rich in complex carbohydrates?

A

Pasta

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27
Q

All the following are reasons we need water, EXCEPT that it..

A

Dissolves, carries, and stores vitamins A, D, E, and K in the body

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28
Q

What is a major difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds, but saturated fats don’t

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29
Q

Vitamins in the human body:

A

Help enzymes function properly

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30
Q

Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy for the body. If a candy bar and a pear contain an equal number of calories from carbohydrates, which is a healthier food and why?

A

The pear is healthier because it contains more vitamins, minerals, and fiber

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31
Q

Science:

A
  • referred to as a body of knowledge
  • NOT a giant collection of facts that needs to be memorized
  • the process of discovering something new
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32
Q

Scientific method -

A

Allows for solving of problems and answers specific questions about the natural world

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33
Q

Steps of the scientific method:

A

Observations, proposing ideas, testing the ideas, disregarding and modifying the ideas based on the results

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34
Q

Hypothesis:

A
  • proposed explanation for a set of observations
  • needs to be testable
  • needs to be falsifiable
  • is not able to be proven true
  • comes from both logical and creative influences and used to develop it
  • cannot be proven with opinion
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35
Q

What does it mean for a hypothesis to be testable?

A

Must be possible to examine the hypothesis rough observations

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36
Q

What does it mean for a hypothesis to be falsifiable?

A

Must be able to potentially be proven false

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37
Q

Scientific theory:

A
  • powerful and broad explanation supported by a large set of observations and experimental evidence
  • usually based on a well-supported hypothesis
  • a hypothesis that has been extensively tested, evaluated by the scientific community, and is strongly supported
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38
Q

Inductive reasoning -

A

Combines a series of specific observations into a generalization to create a hypothesis

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39
Q

Deductive reasoning -

A

Used to test the hypothesis, which involves using a general principle to predict an expected observation using “if/then” statements

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40
Q

___ are made from deductive reasoning.

A

Predictions

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41
Q

Supporting or rejecting a hypothesis:

A
  • a hypothesis is rejected and considered disproven if it fails the test
  • a hypothesis that passes is supported but is not yet proven, because of the chance that there is an alternative hypothesis which could be the real explanation
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42
Q

The most powerful way to test a hypothesis is to conduct ___.

A

experiments

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43
Q

Experiments:

A
  • make a hypothesis -> make a prediction -> test the prediction
  • support the hypothesis and are designed to collect data or information to test specific hypotheses
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44
Q

Variables:

A
  • factors that can change in value under different conditions
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45
Q

Independent variables -

A

Can be manipulated by the scientists during experiments

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46
Q

Dependent variables -

A

These cannot be changed by the researcher

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47
Q

Controlled experiments -

A

Used to test the effect of a single variable

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48
Q

Control -

A

A subject who is not exposed to the experimental treatment but has all other variables the same

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49
Q

Placebo -

A
  • when a subject receives a control without their knowledge and they response positively as if they had received the same as the experimental group
  • used to minimize the bias in an experiment
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50
Q

Random assignment -

A

An effective way of assigning individuals to groups for testing

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51
Q

Blind experiment -

A

Subjects will not know what kind of treatment they have received until after the experiment is over

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52
Q

Double blind experiment -

A

The person administering the treatments and the subjects both are not aware of what treatment is given

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53
Q

___ is considered the gold standard for experimentation.

A

Double blind

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54
Q

Correlation -

A
  • can be used to test the hypothesis when the controlled experiment on humans is impossible to perform
  • correlation does not imply causation
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55
Q

___ ___ can be used in experiments when it appears too dangerous or unethical to test on humans.

A

Model systems

- subjects such as pigs, mice, rats

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56
Q

Sampling error:

A
  • the effect of chance

- can calculate the probability that a result is simply due to a sampling error

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57
Q

Statistics -

A

Used to evaluate and compare data

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58
Q

Statistical significance:

A
  • if results from a test are found to be statistically significant, the hypothesis should be tested again
  • when the results of differences between groups are due to random chance rather than an error in the experiment
  • an observed difference when is probably NOT due to sampling error
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59
Q

We can extend the results from small samples to an entire population using ___ ___.

A

Statistical tests

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60
Q

Factors that influence statistical significance:

A
  • sample size and true differences between populations

- the bigger the sample the more likely you are to detect differences between the two populations

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61
Q

Statistical tests

A
  • can be used to extend the results from small samples to an entire population
  • cannot tell us if an experiment was designed and carried out properly
  • cannot tell us if there was an observation error made
  • can only evaluate the probability of a sampling error)
  • cannot tell us if there is a biological significance
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62
Q

Primary source -

A
  • a paper which researchers submit containing their results to a professional journal
  • will undergo a peer review
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63
Q

Peer review -

A

Other experts evaluate the submitted papers

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64
Q

Secondary source -

A

From sources such as books, news reports, the internet, and advertisements

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65
Q

Anecdotal evidence -

A

Based on one persons experience, and not on experimental data
Ex: a statement made by a celebrity

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66
Q

Science in the news -

A
  • these sort of secondary sources may be missing critical information or reported incorrectly
  • can be claims made for the purpose of paid advertisements
  • especially if found on the internet, can contain bias or false information since anyone can post online
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67
Q

Is there a cure for the common cold?

A
  • No, but prevention methods are known
  • wash your hands
  • no vaccine for the common cold
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68
Q

No effect on cold susceptibility:

A
  • vitamin C
  • exposure to cold temperature
  • exercise
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69
Q

Life:

A

There is no simple definition of life, instead there is a list of characteristics:

  • growth
  • movement
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • response to external environmental stimuli
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70
Q

Homeostasis:

A
  • the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between independent elements, especially as maintained by physiological process
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71
Q

All earth organisms must have:

A
  • a common set of biological molecules
  • can maintain homeostasis
  • are composed of cells
  • can evolve
  • require water
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72
Q

Elements -

A

Fundamental forms of matter

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73
Q

Atoms:

A
  • smallest unit of an element

- composed of neutrons, protons, electrons

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74
Q

Atomic number -

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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75
Q

Ions -

A

Atoms with an electrical charge

76
Q

Molecule -

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

77
Q

Polarity -

A

When molecules have no charges, they are nonpolar

78
Q

Water and polarity:

A
  • water is a good solvent (helps chemical reactions)
  • water has two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom
  • water is a polar molecule
  • nonpolar molecules such as oil are hydrophobic and do not easily dissolve in water
  • water moderates temperature
79
Q

Cohesion -

A

When water molecules tend to stick together and allows for plants to have a continuous column of water from the roots to leaves

80
Q

Solute -

A

What is being dissolved in the solvent

81
Q

Solution -

A

Solutes added to a solvent

82
Q

Solutes in the mixture are called ___.

A

Reactants

83
Q

End result of the chemical reaction are called ___.

A

Products

84
Q

How does water dissolve solutes?

A

Water can dissolve salts and hydrophilic molecules because it’s polar

85
Q

pH greater than 7 =

A

Basic

86
Q

pH lower than 7 =

A

Acidic

87
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7

88
Q

Hydrophilic -

A

Molecules that can dissolve in water

89
Q

Hydrophobic -

A

Do not easily dissolve in water

- molecules such as oil

90
Q

All life on earth is based on ___ ___.

A

Organic chemistry

91
Q

Organic chemistry:

A
  • the chemistry of the complex carbon containing molecules

- chemical bonds are dependent on the atoms electron configuration

92
Q

Carbon forms ___ bonds.

A

Four

93
Q

Carbon:

A
  • referred to as a molecular tinkertoy
  • can bond to four different atoms at once
  • can make hydrocarbons
  • can make macromolecules
94
Q

Covalent bonds:

A
  • strong bonds from sharing electrons
  • single bonds indicate sharing of one pair of electrons
  • double bonds share two pairs of electrons
95
Q

Ionic bonds -

A

Occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between atoms

96
Q

Macromolecules -

A
  • bonding between basis on opposite strands following a strict base-pairing rule: A with T, G with C
  • each strand consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone
97
Q

Carbohydrates:

A
  • molecules of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

- a major source of energy for cells

98
Q

Monosaccharides -

A
  • simple sugars

- building blocks for carbohydrates

99
Q

Disaccharides -

A

Composed of two monosaccharides

100
Q

Polysaccharides -

A

Composed of many monosaccharides

101
Q

Proteins:

A
  • 20 amino acids, peptide bonds, enzymes
  • polymers of amino acids and are joined by peptide bonds
  • made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
  • there are 20 different amino acids, each with different chemical properties
  • different combinations of amino acids give proteins different properties
102
Q

There are ___ different amino acids, each with different chemical properties.

A

20

103
Q

Proteins are made up of:

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

104
Q

Lipids -

A
  • Hydrophobic

- composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen

105
Q

Fat -

A

Composed of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid tails

106
Q

Steroids -

A

A four carbon ring structure such as cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone

107
Q

Phospholipids -

A

Composed of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group

108
Q

Nucleic acids -

A

Polymers if nucleotides

109
Q

Nucleotide -

A

Sugar + a phosphate + a nitrogenous base

110
Q

Two types of nucleotides:

A

RNA and DNA depending on the sugar

111
Q

___ is the hereditary material in nearly all organisms with a double helix structure.

A

DNA

112
Q

A ___ is the fundamental structural unit of life.

A

Cell

113
Q

All cells on earth are either ___ or ___.

A

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic

114
Q

Prokaryotes:

A
  • smaller and simpler in structure
  • resemble the earliest cells to arise on earth
  • do not have a true nucleus or membranes
  • have a cell wall
115
Q

Some structures in the Martian meteorite resemble ___ cells.

A

Prokaryotic

116
Q

Eukaryotes:

A
  • much more complex
  • have a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane
  • have membrane-bound organelles with specialized jobs
117
Q

Mitochondria -

A

Provide energy for the cell by using oxygen

118
Q

Chloroplast -

A
  • sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

- not found in animal cells

119
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum -

A

Involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to its membranes

120
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -

A

Involved in lipid synthesis and lacks ribosomes

121
Q

Golgi apparatus -

A

Modifies and sorts proteins and packages them into vesicles

122
Q

Nucleus -

A
  • surrounded by a double nuclear membrane which houses DNA

- something not found in prokaryotic cells

123
Q

Lysosome -

A

Contain digestive enzymes to break down substances

124
Q

Ribosome -

A

Assembly proteins can be attached to membranes or free floating

125
Q

Centrioles -

A

Moves genetic material during cell division

126
Q

Cytoskeleton -

A

Maintains the cell shape

127
Q

Central vacuole -

A

Found in plant cells and stores water, starch, and pigments

128
Q

Unity of life indicates a ___ ___.

A

Common ancestor

129
Q

___ is explained by the tree of life, with modern species having evolved from common ancestors.

A

Unity of life

130
Q

Unity of life

A
  • same basic biochemistry, with same types of macromolecules

- all organisms consist of cells

131
Q

___ ___ is based on the variations in organism that may increase or decrease survival.

A

Natural selection

132
Q

Metabolism -

A

The chemical process that occurs within a living organism in order to maintain life

133
Q

Catabolism -

A

The breakdown of molecules to obtain energy

134
Q

Anabolism -

A

The synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells

135
Q

Starch -

A

Complex carbohydrates from plants, as this is how plants are able to store carbs

136
Q

What makes plants be able to store carbs?

A

Starch

137
Q

Nutrients -

A
  • substances in foods that provide structural materials or energy
138
Q

___ have to move across the cell membrane in order to be used by the cell.

A

Nutrients

139
Q

Macronutrients -

A

Nutrients that are required in amounts

140
Q

Water:

A
  • adults need about 3 liters per day
  • too little will lead to dehydration
  • helps maintain blood pressure
  • involved in all cellular activities
141
Q

___ is the main source of energy.

A

Carbohydrates

142
Q

Simple sugars -

A
  • glucose

- enter our system quickly

143
Q

Complex carbohydrates -

A

Digested more slowly

144
Q

___ is a complex carbohydrate from plants.

A

Starch

145
Q

___ is a complex carbohydrate from animals.

A

Glycogen

146
Q

___ are polymers of amino acids.

A

Proteins

147
Q

Essential amino acids -

A

We cannot make these ourselves, must obtain them from food

148
Q

Complete proteins -

A

Contain all the essential amino acids we need

149
Q

Fiber:

A
  • indigestible complex carbohydrates that are essential for large intestine function
  • helps lower cholesterol and reduces cancer risk
  • also called roughage
150
Q

Processed food -

A

Food that has undergone processing which strips it of its nutritional value

151
Q

Fats:

A
  • energy storage molecules
  • acts as a cushion and insulator
  • consist of a glycerol attached to fatty acid tails
152
Q

Essential fatty acids:

A

We cannot make these ourselves (omega 3 and omega 6), mostly found in fish

153
Q

Saturated fats -

A
  • Fatty acid carbons are bound to as many hydrogen as possible
  • lack double bonds
  • solid at room temperature
  • most animal fats are saturated
154
Q

Unsaturated fats:

A
  • not bound to as much hydrogen as possible
  • contain double bonds which give links in the tails
  • are a liquid at room temperature
  • come from most plant fats (oils)
155
Q

Trans fats -

A
  • Produced by incomplete hydrogenation and are not beneficial
  • linked to an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes
156
Q

Hydrogenation -

A

Process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to make them into a solid

157
Q

Polyunsaturated fats -

A

Have many double bonds preventing them from tightly packing

158
Q

Whole Foods -

A

Foods that have not been stripped of their nutrition

159
Q

Micronutrients -

A

Nutrients that are needed in small quantities

160
Q

Vitamins -

A

Organic substances which usually function as coenzymes

161
Q

Which vitamin is the only one we can synthesize?

A

Vitamin D

162
Q

___ ___ vitamins are not stored in the body and typically the cause of deficiencies

A

Water soluble

163
Q

___ ___ vitamins are stored in fat and can cause problems in excess.

A

fat soluble

164
Q

___ are required for enzymes to function.

A

Coenzymes

165
Q

Antioxidants -

A
  • found in Whole Foods

- protect cells from damage by free radicals which in turn can damage DNA and cell membranes

166
Q

Minerals:

A
  • inorganic substances
  • do not contain carbon but are essential for cell functions
  • must be supplied through diet and are water soluble
167
Q

___ is a very important mineral that plays a role in bones, clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses.

A

Calcium

168
Q

___ is important for water regulation and muscle function, mostly found in fruits and vegetables.

A

Potassium

169
Q

Minerals are ___ and ___.

A

Soluble and inorganic

170
Q

BMI

A
  • body mass index
  • 18.5-24.9 is healthy
  • divide weight (kg) by your height in meters
171
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

An autoimmune disease that occurs when T cells attack and destroy most of the beta cells in the pancreas that are needed to produce insulin, so that there is too little insulin. The body is not able to metabolize blood glucose (sugar) to use it efficiently.

172
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A chronic condition in which the body fails to properly use and store glucose. Instead of converting the sugar into energy, it backs up in the bloodstream and can cause a variety of symptoms.

173
Q

Insulin -

A

A hormone produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood

174
Q

Healthy blood pressure range -

A

Between 120/80 and 140/90

175
Q

Hypertension -

A
  • high blood pressure

- consistent blood pressure above the healthy range

176
Q

Heart attack:

A
  • occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries are blocked
  • heart muscle cells die chasing permanent damage
  • takes about 8 weeks for heart muscle to recover, but a scar will remain where the tissue was damage (less pumping ability)
177
Q

Stroke:

A
  • occurs when the blood flow to the brain is cut off leaving brain cells deprived of oxygen and glucose
  • can cause permanent damage or even death
178
Q

Cholesterol:

A
  • a form of steroid found in the body
  • essential to the formation of bile acids, vitamin D, etc
  • two types, HDL and LDL
179
Q

Low-density lipoprotein -

A

More likely to clog blood vessels because it carries the cholesterol away from the liver into the bloodstream, where it can stick to the blood vessels

180
Q

High-density lipoprotein -

A

Carries the cholesterol back to the liver where it is broken down

181
Q

Anorexia:

A
  • an eating disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight and refusing to eat
  • can starve heart muscles, producing altered rhythms
  • amenorrhea cessation of menstruation, which can be permanent and result in sterility
  • increases the risk of osteoporosis
182
Q

Bulimia:

A
  • an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-Induced vomiting, purging, or fasting
  • can lead to stomach rupture, dental and gum problems, stomach acid, dehydration
183
Q

Essential amino acids:

A
  • lysine
  • tryptophan
  • methionine
  • leucine
  • isoleucine
  • phenylalanine
  • valine
  • threonine
184
Q

Systolic

A

Blood pressure as the heart contracts

185
Q

Diastolic

A

Blood pressure as the heart is relaxing

Life Science (1 decks)

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