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A&P > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, nervous

connective, muscle

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2
Q

3 embryonic layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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3
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of human life?

A

Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproductive Evolution

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4
Q

List and describe the 8 levels of structural organization

A

Atom Molecule Organelle Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism

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5
Q

List the 11 systems of the body and major organs included in each system.

A

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

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6
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

Body is erect, arms by sides, palms facing forward, and feet and legs facing forward

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7
Q

Supine

A

lying face up is considered

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8
Q

Prone

A

While lying facedown is considered

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9
Q

Explain ipsilateral vs. contralateral

A

Ipsilateral is same side Contralateral is opposite

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10
Q

Explain unilateral vs. bilateral

A

Unilateral is one side bilateral is both sides. Ex. Outside of body vs inside the body

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11
Q

What are the two body subdivisions and what do they include?

A

Axial: head, neck and trunk Appendicular: shoulders, arms, hips, legs

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12
Q

Lumen

A

hallow area of an organ

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13
Q

Cortex

A

outer region of an organ

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14
Q

Medulla

A

inner region of an organ

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15
Q

Base

A

widest part of an organ

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16
Q

Apex

A

narrow part of an organ

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17
Q

Negative Feedback & example

A

Reverses the change in a controlled condition. Ex. Increase in blood pressur

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18
Q

Positive Feedback & example

A

Strengthens or reinforces and change in a controlled condition. Ex. Child birth, immune response, blood clot. Does not maintain homeostasis

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19
Q

What are the 3 levels of control? Describe each of them.

A

Intracellular- within cell
Intrinsic- within an organ local
Extrinsic- system level (nerves and hormones)

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20
Q

What are the three major components to a feedback loop?

A

Receptor or sensory
Control Center or integrator
Effector

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

relatively constant states maintained by the body, internal environment around body cells remains constant

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22
Q

What makes a compound an organic compound?

A

has C-C or C-H covalent bon

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23
Q

What inorganic molecules are closely related to cellular respiration?

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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24
Q

Substances that are proton donors, meaning they release a hydrogen ion, are called?

A

acid

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25
Q

Main properties of acids

A

anything below 7 & release hydrogen ions & proton donor

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26
Q

Main properties of bases

A

proton acceptors & increase hydroxide ions or decrease in hydrogen & above 7 on pH scal

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27
Q

Substances that are proton acceptors, meaning they have hydroxide ions that combine with hydrogen ions, are called?

A

base

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28
Q

pH of 7

A

neutral

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29
Q

pH < 7

A

acidic

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30
Q

pH > 7

A

alkaline

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31
Q

What organic substances make up the human body? (biomolecules)

A

carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

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32
Q

What is one of the most abundant organic compounds?

A

proteins

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33
Q

2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

purines & pyrimidines

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34
Q

Nucleotide Pairing

A

A=T

G=C

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35
Q

What is RNA composed of?

A

Pentose sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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36
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

forms genetic code inside each cell genetic code for everything

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37
Q

What forms the ‘backbone’ of DNA?

A

alternating deoxyribose & phosphate units

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38
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix; Deoxyribose and phosphate backbone with a nitrogen base attached

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39
Q

glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate plus protein

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40
Q

glycolipids

A

carbohydrate plus lipid

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41
Q

glycocalyx

A

is a glycoprotein and glycolipids covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells

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42
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

aide in the production of hormones

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43
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Long chains and tubes of amino acids (that is proteins) Makes the scaffolding of the cell and nucleus Provide pathway to vesicle transportation

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44
Q

What are the three fibers of the cytoskeleton? What is each function?

A

Microtubules—cylindrical structures made of proteins Microfilaments—filaments of contractile protein actin Intermediate filaments—protein fiber

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45
Q

What is passive transport?

A

move molecules in and out through the plasma membrane & from one membranous compartment to another within the cell -does not require energ

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46
Q

What are the kinds of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

Dialysi

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47
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

movement across the plasma membrane through transport proteins embedded the cell membrane

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48
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy (ATP) to move molecules in and out of the plasma membrane; “pulled” across the membrane

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49
Q

What are the two ways we can have active transport?

A

Transport by pumps (for small molecules) Transport by vesicles (for large molecules, also called bulk transportation

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50
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material & brings it into the cell in a vesicl

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51
Q

What is phagocytosis? (endocytosis)

A

“cell eating” microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed and broken down by lysosomes

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52
Q

What is pinocytosis? (endocytosis)

A

“cell drinking” fluid is engulfed by the cell

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53
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

removes molecules from the cell -large molecules (usually proteins) can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the plasma membran

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54
Q

What are enzymes?

A

act as chemical catalysts that allow metabolic reactions to occur

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55
Q

What are the functions of enzymes?

A

Regulate metabolic pathways Can catalyze a reaction in both direction

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56
Q

What are enzymes usually made of?

A

proteins/amino acids

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57
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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58
Q

What occurs in the prophase?

A

nuclear envelope falls apart -chromatids coil to form compact chromosomes -centromeres move towards opposite ends of the cell

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59
Q

What occurs in the metaphase?

A

chromosomes are moved into the equator of the cell -spindle fibers attach to chromatids

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60
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

each chromosome is pulled away from the middle and to the nearest pole by a spindle fiber -cytokinesis begins

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61
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

end phase -nuclear envelope rebuilds -spindle fibers disappear -cytokinesis completes

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62
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two

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63
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division

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64
Q

What is the M phase?

A

cells reproduce by splitting themselves into two daughter cells -cytokinesis -mitosis

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65
Q

What is a centromere?

A

holds the two chromatids together

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66
Q

What occurs during the S phase?

A

replication of the genome prepares the cell for reproduction -DNA uncoils and strands unzip -creates two chromatids

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67
Q

What occurs in the G1 and G2 phase?

A

cell material is made -creates more structural proteins and enzymes -growth and replication of organelles -growth of plasma membrane

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68
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division that results in 4 daughter cells instead of two -contain half the number of chromosomes -sex cells

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69
Q

Membranous Organelles

A 
Rough ER (RER)
Smooth ER (SER)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus (in this list because it is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, but don’t know if it’s considered membranous.)
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70
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

ribosomes

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71
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Pack, process, modify, sort, and transport proteins

72
Q

Function of Lysosomes

A

Digest waste in cell, saves amino acids to be used later

73
Q

Function of Centrosomes

A

Two centrioles that aide in cell division (the building and breaking apart of microtubules)

74
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis throughout the cell and in the rough ER

75
Q

Movement of the cell

A

cilia and flagella

76
Q

Function of Smooth ER

A

Fatty acid and steroid/ lipid synthesis, detoxification, removes and stores calcium ions

77
Q

Function of Rough ER

A

Produces various protein, proteins are folded and modified towards the Golgi

78
Q

Function of Peroxisomes

A

Destroy unneeded and damaged substances in cytosol, liver and kidney cells, hydrogen peroxide

79
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse, make ATP, 2 membranes, has its own DNA

80
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

Has a nuclear envelope/ 2 membranes, contains DNA as chromatin and chromosomes

81
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes ribosomes, no membrane

82
Q

pull loads that include vesicles and organelles along microtubules and include dynein, kinesin, and myosin

A

motor proteins

83
Q

microvilli

A

cell extensions that increase surface area to allow for absorption

84
Q

contain microtubules and moves to push substances around such as mucus

A

Cilia

85
Q

moves in a tail-like motion for transport of sperm

A

Flagella

86
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

87
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

(striated voluntary muscle tissue)

Threadlike cells with many cross striations and many nuclei per cell

88
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

(nonstriated, involuntary, or visceral muscle tissue)

Elongated narrow cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell

89
Q

Cardiac Tissue

A

(striated involuntary muscle tissue)
Branching cells with intercalated disks
Formed by abutment of plasma membranes of two cells

90
Q

Characteristics of Nervous Tissue

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Organs (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

91
Q

Axon

A

(single process): Transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body

92
Q

Dendrite

A

(one or more): Transmits nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon

93
Q

Neuroglia

A

Special connecting, supporting, and coordinating cells that surround neurons

94
Q

Neuron

A

Conducting unit of the system

Cell body, or soma

95
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A

connects, supports, transports and protects

96
Q

inorganic vs organic

A

inorganic- simpler

organic- are larger more complex

97
Q

salts

A

are ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water; separate into cation and anion

98
Q

3 types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
exchange or displacement

99
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides

100
Q

amino acids

A

by polypeptide bonds

101
Q

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of monomers called

A

nucelotides

102
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

the one the body can make on its own

103
Q

essential amino acids

A

body has to take those in

104
Q

3 main components of cell structure

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

105
Q

Properties of the cell membrane

A

semi permeable
phospholipid bilayer
holds everything inside

106
Q

effects of osmosis on cell

A

isotonic- same
hypertonic- higher on the outside (shrink)
hypotonic- low on the outside (swell)

107
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

inner chamber of mitochondria; 2 pyruvate converted to acetyl co-enzyme A
product- broken down to yield waster, CO2 and energy

108
Q

Glycolysis

A

pathway in witch glucose is broken apart into 2 pyruvate acid molecules; occurs in cytosol

109
Q

What is transcription?

A

(DNA) transcribes a portion of the DNA code

110
Q

What is translation?

A

(RNA) the new RNA is broken down into three nitrogenous bases (codons) and read as specific amino acids thus creating the bases for proteins

111
Q

How is the mRNA transcript edited?

A

uses uracil instead of a thymine

112
Q

mitotic spindles

A

attaches to chromosomes and pull them apart

113
Q

metaphasic plate

A

chromosomes aline during metaphase, middle of the cell

114
Q

DNA Replication

A

transcription makes a copy of the DNA and then the mRNA is what does the translation and splits it into three bases which then creates the bases for proteins

115
Q

what organelle is involved in translation

A

ribosome and mRNA

116
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

Covers body surfaces exposed to the external environment

ex-skin

117
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Composed of two tissue layers: Epithelial sheet and connective tissue layer
Secrete a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs
not open to the external environment

118
Q

Pleura

A

around lungs

119
Q

Peritoneum

A

around abdoment

120
Q

Pericardium

A

around the heart

121
Q

Similarities of cutaneous and serous membranes

A

both protect

122
Q

What are the different kinds of epithelial tissue?

A

-Membranous: Cutaneous, Serous, and Mucous -Glandular

123
Q

Where is cutaneous tissue found?

A

the skin

124
Q

What is the function of cutaneous tissue?

A

-it protects tissues and organs from the external environment

125
Q

Where is serous tissue found?

A

-heart, abdomen, and lungs

126
Q

What is the function of serous tissue?

A

-double layer that secretes lubricating liquid to prevent damage from friction

127
Q

Where is mucous tissue found?

A

-in areas that open to the outside -nose, ears, mouth, anus

128
Q

What is the function of mucous tissue?

A

-to trap the bad things that come into the body and not allow them to pass any further

129
Q

Where is glandular tissue found?

A

-endocrine glands -exocrine glands

130
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

-to secrete hormones into the blood and outside world

131
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones into the blood system

132
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones outside of the body

133
Q

What are the three ways that exocrine glands secrete their product?

A

Apocrine
Holocrine
Merocrine

134
Q

What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?

A

simple or compound -tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar

135
Q

What is Apocrine secretion and where is it found?

A

the plasma membrane balloons off -found in mammary glands

136
Q

What is Holocrine secretion and where is it found?

A

the cell ruptures and releases all of its contents -found in sweat glands

137
Q

What is Merocrine secretion and where is it found?

A

channel proteins allow the product to release -found in salivary glands

138
Q

Simple squamous

A

good for diffusion

139
Q

What is the endothelium and where is it found?

A

-simple squamous epithelium -lines inside of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels

140
Q

What is mesothelium and where is it found?

A

-simple squamous epithelium -lines serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum)

141
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

-good for secretion -glands

142
Q

Simple columnar

A

-good for ABSORPTION and secretion -digestive tract

143
Q

Apical part of a cell

A

faces the EMC

144
Q

Basal part of the cell

A

faces the internal part of the cell

145
Q

Goblet cells

A

cells that are in between the columnar cells that secrete mucus

146
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

found in the respiratory tract

147
Q

Stratified squamous

A

-named by the looks of the top layer only -protection -skin, esophagus, vagina

148
Q

What is keratinized?

A

skin

149
Q

What is nonkeratinized?

A

-mouth, esophagus, vagina

150
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

connects, support, transport, protect

151
Q

What does vascular mean?

A

with blood

152
Q

Is connective tissue vascular?

A

Yes, except for cartilage and tendons

153
Q

What are the three fibers found in the ECM?

A

collagenous
reticular
elastic

154
Q

What are the components of the Extracellular Matrix?

A

ground substance (binds cells, store water, allows exchange between blood and cells) -fibers -proteoglycans

155
Q

What cells are found in connective tissue?

A

-Fibroblasts -Adipocytes -Mast, WBC, Macrophages, Plasma Cells

156
Q

What is the role of the Fibroblasts?

A

-make cartilage -secrete fibers and components of ground substance

157
Q

What is the role of adipocytes?

A

store fat

158
Q

What are the roles of: -mast cells -WBCs -Macrophages -Plasma Cells

A

they all have a different immune response

159
Q

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

A

-Fibrous -Bone -Cartilage -Blood

160
Q

What is fibrous tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

161
Q

What is loose fibrous (areolar) connective tissue?

A

-tissue between tissues and organs -stretchable -contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and all 3 fibers

162
Q

What is dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

irregular or regular

163
Q

What are bones?

A

-organs composed of different connective tissues: -periosteum -bone tissue -endosteum

164
Q

what is an example of connective tissue?

A

bone

165
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

fibrous
bone
cartilage
blood

166
Q

What types of bone are there?

A

-compact -cancellous or spongey

167
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

-hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage -elastic cartilage

168
Q

What are the four types Fibrous?

A

Loose fibrous (areolar)
Adipose
Reticular
Dense

169
Q

Describe skeletal muscle and where it’s found.

A

-voluntary -striated -multinucleated -attached to bones

170
Q

Describe smooth muscle and where it’s found.

A

-involuntary -nonstriated -single nucleus -in the walls of hollow organs -blood vessels, airways, stomach, intestines

171
Q

Describe cardiac muscle and where it’s found.

A

-involuntary -striated -single nucleus -intercalated discs (gap junctions) -in heart

172
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

173
Q

What types of cells make up nervous tissue?

A

neurons

neuroglia

174
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

rapidly regulates the activities of different parts of the body

175
Q

Cell adhesion

A

integral proteins that allow cells to maintain contact with one another and with structures within the extracellular matrix

176
Q

Where do you find the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline: low collagen, most prevalent, found in trachea and end of bones; flexibility, support, reduces friction Fibrocartilage: strongest, dense collagen, shock absorbers, in between vertebrae and knee joints Elastic: few collagen, lots of elastic, highly flexible; ear, voice box

A&P (3 decks)

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