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Neuroanatomy (SW) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies that are morphologically distinct from other neurons?

(1)

A

Nucleus.

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1
Q

What is gray matter?

1

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in neuropil.

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2
Q

What is a “layer/band” of gray matter in the SC?

1

A

Lamina.

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3
Q

What is the cortex?

1

A

Gray matter located on the surface. (Cerebral or cerebellar).

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4
Q

What is white matter?

1

A

An aggregation of neuronal processes/axons/fibers.

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5
Q

What is a collection of neuronal fibers/axons that are anatomically or functionally distinct?

A

Tract

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6
Q

What is a fasciculus?

1

A

Bundle of axons/fibers.

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7
Q

What is a cord or collumn of white matter in the SC?
What is it made up of?

(1)

A

Funiculus.

Includes several fasciculi or tracts.

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8
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the CNS?

1

A

Spinal cord.
Brainstem.
Cerebellum.
Cerebrum.

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9
Q

What is the part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

(2)

A

Brainstem.

Also referred to as the bulb; bulbar

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10
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brainstem?

2

A

Medulla.
Pons.
Midbrain.

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11
Q

What are the 3 general features of the medulla?

2

A

Many gray matter areas.
White matter areas.
Inferior cerebellar peduncles (restiform bodies).

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12
Q

Name 2 gray matter areas?

2

A

Inferior olivary nuclei: large nuclei.

Cranial nerve nuclei: clusters of neurons that contribute fibers to or receive fibers from a cranial nerve.

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13
Q

What is the olive, and where are they found?

2

A

They’re the landmarks on the ventrolateral surface of the inferior olivary nuclei.

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14
Q

What 6 cranial nerves make up the cranial nerve nuclei area of the gray matter of the medulla?

(2)

A

XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, V

hypoglossal, accessory, vagus, glossopharyngeal, vestibulocochlear, trigeminal

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15
Q

What are the white matter area landmark structures on the ventral surface of the medulla?

(2)

A

Medullary pyramids.

Comprised of descending fibers/axons –> Called corticospinal fibers/axons (motor control).

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16
Q

What are the Inferior cerebellar peduncles?

3

A

Paired structures that help attach the cerebellum to the medulla.
Consists mostly of axons going to and from the cerebellum; to and from the medulla. (white matter).

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17
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Pons?

3

A

Dorsal Pons = Posterior part.

Ventral Pons = Basilar pons (anterior part).

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18
Q

What is the dorsal pons comprised of?

3

A

Comprised of many gray and white matter areas including cranial nerve nuclei of VIII, VII, VI, V.

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19
Q

What is the pontine nuclei?

3

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the ventral pons that receive input from neurons of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.
They also project axons to the contralateral side of the cerebellum. (These fibers form the middle cerebellar peduncle that connects the pons to the cerebellum -> white matter).

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20
Q

What is the most superior part of the brainstem?

4

A

Midbrain.

Aka mesencephalon

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21
Q

What is the brain ventricular system the site of and what does it consist of?

(4)

A

Series of fluid-filled spaces in the brain and is the site of CSF production.

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22
Q

What divides the brain into 2 portions?
What are they?

(4)

A 
Cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius) divides the midbrain:
Dorsal brain = tectum = roof of midbrain. 
Ventral midbrain = base of midbrain.
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23
Q

What are the 2 pair of nuclei of the dorsal midbrain?
What are they concerned with/ involved in?

(4)

A

Superior colliculi: Coordinating reflexes (“Duck!”).

Inferior colliculi: Conscious auditory pathway.

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24
Q

What is the ventral midbrain formed by?

4

A

Formed by a pair of cerebral peduncles that connect the midbrain to the cerebrum.
(Includes white and gray matter).

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25
Q

What are the various gray matter nuclei of the ventral midbrain?

(4)

A 
Cranial nerve nuclei of CN III, IV, and part of V.
Red nucleus (motor control).
Sustantia nigra (motor control; part of "basal ganglia").
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26
Q

What are the fibers/axons that connect the cerebellum to the midbrain and cerebrum?

(4)

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP’s).

White matter

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27
Q

What kind of matter is the cerebellar cortex formed by?

4

A

Gray matter.

Cortical surface is highly folded into a series of folia

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28
Q

What forms the medullary center of the cerebellum?

5

A

White matter.

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29
Q

What are the 3 pairs of peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

(5)

A

ICP’s: Cerebellum to medulla.
MCP’s: Pons to cerebellum.
SCP’s: Cerebellum to midbrain and cerebrum.

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30
Q

What are the functional features of the cerebellum?

5

A

Receives input from most sensory systems and cerebral cortex.
Influences the activity of skeletal muscle especially related to posture, equilibrium, and coordination of movement.

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31
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the cerebrum?

5

A

Diencephalon: forms core of cerebrum; mostly gray matter.
Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure; has gray and white matter.

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32
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

5

A

Thalamus.
Hypothalamus.
Epithalamus.
Subthalamus.

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33
Q

What does the thalamus do?

5

A

Collection of neurons that relay sensory info to the cerebral cortex, are involved in motor pathways, and some influence other brain activity like behavior, emotions, consciousness, etc.

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34
Q

What is a principle autonomic center of the brain, helps to control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and helps to control the activity of the pituitary gland?

(6)

A

Hypothalamus.

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35
Q

Where is the epithalamus located and what does it include?

6

A

Above the thalamus.

Includes the pineal gland.

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36
Q

What kind of pathways is the subthalamic nucleus involved in?

(6)

A

Motor.

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37
Q

How is the gray matter of the telencephalon organized?

6

A 
Most is in the cerebral cortex.
Corpus striatum (deep in each hemisphere at the base; important in motor control functions).
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38
Q

How is the white matter of the telencephalon organized?

6

A

Medullary center or core.

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers that comprise the medullary center?

(6)

A

Association: Connect different cortical areas within a single hemisphere.
Commissural: Connect cortical area of one hemisphere to similar cortical area of the opposite hemisphere. (ex. Corpus Collosum).
Projection: Connect an area of cerebral cortex to a subcortical area; or a subcortical area to a cerebral cortical area. (ex. Thalamocortical fibers).

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40
Q

What are the 5 anatomical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

(7)

A 
Frontal.
Parietal.
Temporal.
Occipital.
Insula or Island of Reil.
41
Q

What is the series of fluid-filled spaces within the brain that is derived from the neural canal of the embryonic neural tube?

(7)

A

Ventricular system of the brain.

Lined by ependymal cells

42
Q

What secretes CSF?

8

A

Choroid plexus.

CSF fills the ventricular spaces of the ventricular system

43
Q

Where is most CSF resorbed?

8

A

Resorbed at the arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal venous sinus.

44
Q

Describe the lateral ventricles:

8

A

Paired chambers w/in each cerebral hemisphere.

Includes most of the choroid plexus.

45
Q

What are the 5 parts of the lateral ventricle?

8

A

Anterior Horn: frontal lobe.
Body: lies in the area of the pre and post central gyri.
Posterior Horn: occipital lobe.
Inferior Horn: temporal lobe.
Collateral trigone: area where body, posterior horn, and inferior horn intersect

46
Q

What is the unpaired space between the two halves of the diencephalon?

(8)

A

III Ventricle.

Includes some of the choroid plexus

47
Q

Describe the interventricular foramina (of Monro):

8

A

Paired.

Connects each lateral ventricle (ant. horn) to the III Ventricle.

48
Q

What is the ventricular canal that resides w/in the midbrain and connects the III Ventricle to the IV Ventricle?

(8)

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius).

49
Q

Describe the IV Ventricle:

8

A

Unpaired chamber.
Includes some of the choroid plexus.
Cerebellum forms the roof.
Pons and medulla form the floor.

50
Q

What is the rhomboid fossa?

8

A

“Floor” of the IV Ventricle.

Formed by the pons and medulla

51
Q

What paired structure connects the IV Ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

(8)

A 
Lateral aperatures (Foramina of luschka).
Connects at pontomedullocerebellar angle.
52
Q

What is the unpaired structure that connects the IV Ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

(8)

A

Median aperature (foramen of magendie).

53
Q

What is the cisterna magna located between?

8

A

B/w the cerebellum and medulla.

54
Q

What is the path for CSF circulation?

9

A

Lateral Ventricle –> Foramen of Monro –> III Ventricle –> Cerebral Aqueduct –> IV Ventricle –> Median and Lateral Aperature –> Subarachnoid space –> Resorbed at arachnoid villi.

55
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

9

A

Condition of excess CSF and often linked to increased CSF pressure (can lead to papilladema).

56
Q

What are the 3 kinds of hydrocephalus?

9

A

Obstructive: stopped from getting out of ventricles.
Communicating: accumulation of excess CSF in entire system.
External: excess CSF in subarachnoid space (senile dementia).

57
Q

What is the nucleus involved in motor control that lies along the lateral ventricle?

(9)

A

Caudate nucleus.

58
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

9

A

Involved in emotions, behavior, memory and exerting control over autonomic and endocrine changes associated with emotions (limbic system).
(“almond”; nuclear complex).

59
Q

What kind of matter is the hippocampus?
What is it involved in?

(10)

A

Gray matter structure (cortex).

Involved in memory and emotions (limbic system).

60
Q

What is the fornix?

10

A

White matter.
Major tract of fibers that emerges from the hippocampus and projects largely to the diencephalon (hypothalamus).
(Mainly to the mamillary bodies).

61
Q

What is the gray matter nuclei postitioned deep in each hemisphere, involved in motor control?

(10)

A

Corpus striatum.

62
Q

What are the 2 parts of the corpus striatum?

10

A

Caudate nucleus.

Lenticular nucleus.

63
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lenticular nucleus?

10

A 
Globus pallidus (medial part).
Putamen (Lateral part).
64
Q

Describe the internal capsule:

10

A

White matter structure.
Projection fibers providing connections to and from neurons of the cerebral cortex.
The 3 parts are ant. limb, genu, and post. limb.

65
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

10

A

“Partition”-like structure that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricle.

66
Q

What is the gray matter that connects the right and left halves of the thalamus?

(10)

A 
Interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia).
(60-70% have it).
67
Q

What are the cervical cord segments?
Lumbosacral?

(10)

A

Cervical: C4-T1.
Lumbosacral: L2-S3.
(Conus medullaris is at vertebral level L1-L2).

68
Q

Where is the zone of ventral rootlets of spinal nerves located?

(11)

A

Ventral lateral sulci.

69
Q

Where is the zone of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves located?

(11)

A

Dorsal lateral sulci.

70
Q

Describe the white matter of the spinal cord:

11

A

It’s distributed peripherally, surrounding the gray matter.
It includes both ascending and descending fibers.

71
Q

What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the white matter areas of the spinal cord?

(11)

A

Posterior funiculi or columns: Primarily ascending fibers.
Lateral funiculi or columns: Ascending and descending fibers.
Anterior funiculi or columns: Ascending and descending fibers.

72
Q

What is a bundle of fibers/axons that have a similar origin, course, termination or function called?

(12)

A

Fasciculus or tract.

73
Q

What are some of the functions of fasciculi?

12

A

Ascending or sensory pathways that carry information to higher centers of the CNS.
Descending or motor pathways that help mediate (voluntary) motor activity.
Fiber pathways that allow for the CNS to exert control over autonomic/visceral function, or other functions.

74
Q

What is the dorsal lateral tract comprised of?

12

A

(Lissaur’s Tract).
Comprised of ascending and descending fibers that travel short distances along the cord.
(1-2 segments; up to 4).

75
Q

Where does the fasciculus gracilis extend to and from?

12

A

Extends the entire length of the cord.

Major ascending pathway

76
Q

Describe the fasciculus cuneatus:

13

A

Present in cord segments T6 and above.

Major ascending pathway.

77
Q

Describe the spinothalamic tract:

13

A

Extends along the entire length of the cord.
Major ascending pathway.
Located in the anterolateral part of the white matter.
(Anterolateral system).

78
Q

What has decussating (crossing) fibers that contribute to the spinothalamic tract?

(13)

A

Anterior white commissure.

79
Q

Describe the gray matter of the spinal cord:

13

A

Distributed within the central part of the cord in an H-shaped or butterfly pattern.
Comprised of neuron cell bodies, neuronal processes, and neuroglial cell processes.

80
Q

What components does the gray matter generally have?

13

A

Posterior or dorsal horns: Primarily sensory neurons.
Anterior or ventral horns: Primarily motor neurons.
Intermediate zone: Includes sensory neurons and interneurons.
Lateral horn: Preganglionic sympathetic neurons; positioned in lateral part of the intermediate zone.

81
Q

How does the volume of white matter change as you go down the spinal cord?

(14)

A

Volume of white matter decreases as you go down the spinal cord.

82
Q

What is the volume of gray matter in the lumbosacral segment?
Thoracic?
Cervical?

(14)

A

Lumbosacral: High (b/c of lower extremity innervation).
Thoracic: Low.
Cervical: Very high (b/c of upper extremity innervation).

83
Q

What is axonal collateral branching?

15

A

Axons can have many branches.

84
Q

What are interneurons?

15

A

Small neurons that make connections locally.
Participate in “local” circuits.
Internuncials.

85
Q

What are the longitudinal columns of gray matter of neurons along the spinal cord?

(15)

A

Laminae of Rexed.

There are 10 lamina or columns

86
Q

Describe lamina I?

15

A

Some neurons project some axons to contralateral spinothalamic tract.
Receives incoming dorsal root fibers.

87
Q

Describe lamina II:

15

A

Substantia Gelatinora.
Some axons of these neurons synapse on neurons of other laminae in adjacent cord segments.
Receives dorsal root fibers and descending fibers.

88
Q

Describe lamina IV:

16

A

Receives input from dorsal root fibers.

Importand tract cells that contribute fibers to the contralateral spinothalamic tract.

89
Q

Describe lamina V &VI:

16

A

Receives dorsal root fibers and much input from descending fibers.
Includes tract cells that contribute to the spinothalamic tract.

90
Q

Describe lamina VII:

16

A

Largest area comprising the intermediate zone and part of the ventral horn.
4 nuclear cell columns included in lamina VII.

91
Q

Describe the 3 (out of 4) most important nuclear cell columns in lamina VII:

(16)

A

Intermediolateral nucleus: Makes up lateral horn; functions in preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Nucleus dorsalis: Axons of these neurons form the dorsal spino cerebellar tract.
Sacral autonomic nucleus: functions in preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

92
Q

Describe lamina IX:

17

A

Most are the motor neurons of the ventral horn.
Axons of these neurons exit the cord via the ventral roots of spinal nn. and innervate skeletal muscle cells.
Generally, lamina IX cell columns positioned more medially innervate mm of the trunk and groups more lateral innervate extremity mm.

93
Q

Describe the special motor nuclei of lamina IX:

17

A

Phrenic nucleus: in segments of phrenic n.; motor –> diaphragm.
Spinal accessory nucleus: Segments C1-5; Motor of trap and SCM.

94
Q

Describe lamina X:

17

A

Area of gray commissure; mostly interneurons.

95
Q

In what laminae do dorsal rootlet fibers mostly terminate in?

(18)

A

Laminae I-VI.

96
Q

What horn do laminae I-VI make up?

18

A

Dorsal horn.

97
Q

What are the important interneurons that can modify pain pathways?

(18)

A

Lamina II neurons = Substantia gelatinosa.

98
Q

In what laminae do the tract cells that contribute axons to the spinothalamic tract primarily reside?

(18)

A

Laminae IV, V, VI.

Some in lamina I

99
Q

T/F: Lamina VII includes several specific nuclear groups.

A

True.

100
Q

Which lamina contains THE motor neurons of the ventral horn?

18

A

Lamina IX.

Neuroanatomy (SW) (1 decks)

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