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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Do not contain carbon

Ex: water, electrolytes (acids, bases, salts)

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2
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contain carbon

Ex: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar

Ex: glucose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 sugars

Ex: sucrose

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5
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugars

Ex: glycogen

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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7
Q

Lipids

A

Fats
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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8
Q

Cell membrane is composed of

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates (cholesterol)

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of RNA synthesis

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Provides a channel for communication and transport of substances throughout the cell

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11
Q

Golgi Complex (Apparatus)

A

“Pancakes”
Storage of protein
Packages materials into vesicles or granules for storage or secretion

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

A

Includes a variety of chemical substances whose presence varies depending on the type of cell
Ex: secretory granules, hemoglobin, lipids droplets, pigments, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles

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13
Q

Microtubules

A

A supporting network (cellular framework)
Conducting channels through which substances pass through the cytoplasm
Structural component of centrioles and cilia

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

2 per cell, located near nucleus

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15
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thin strands of protein usually found in bundles
Provide skeletal support
Associated with cell movement (hence abundant in muscle cells)

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16
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections

Increase surface area of cell membrane and facilitates transport

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17
Q

Cilia

A

Cytoplasmic projections made of microtubules

Move in wave-like fashion to move mucous, etc.

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18
Q

Cellular Adhesions

A

Junctional complexes-specialized regions of contact

Ex: Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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19
Q

Tight junctions

A

Form a tight seal between cells

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20
Q

Desmosomes

A

“spot-weld” cells together

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21
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow for cell to cell exchange and communication

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22
Q

Cells which are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide:

A

RBCs (mature)
Neuron (nerve cell)
Muscle cell (increase in size, not in number)

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23
Q

Cells that normally do not divide, but can be induced to do so by appropriate stimulus:

A

Liver cells

Lymphocytes (WBCs)

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24
Q

Cells that continuously undergo cell division:

A

Skin
Cells of intestinal lining
Blood cell in bone marrow

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25
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cell

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26
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in mitotic activity (increase in number of cells)

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27
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of cells

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28
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changes in cell in response to disease or chronic irritation which result in TRANSFORMATION of the cell into different cell type (sometimes considered pre-malignant)

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29
Q

Neoplasm

A

New cell mass

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30
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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31
Q

Pathology

A

Study of abnormal tissues

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32
Q

Epithelium

A 
Cells held closely together resting on a basement membrane
Avascular 
Very little intercellular space
Lines body cavities 
Absorption and Secretion 
Filtration
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33
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream (highly vascularized)
Ex: thyroid gland

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34
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretions go through ducts to action site
Secretes saliva, sweat, etc.
Unicellular-goblet cell
Multicellular-salivary gland

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35
Q

Types of multicellular gland

A

1) Simple tubular-stomach
2) Simple alveolar-mammary
3) Compound tubular or alveolar-Brunners glands

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36
Q

Simple squamous

A

Blood vessels

Alveoli

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37
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Glands

Ducts of glands

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38
Q

Simple columnar

A

Digestive tract (stomach, intestines)

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39
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Beginning (mouth) and end (anus) of GI tract
Esophagus
Vagina
Skin

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40
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Glandular epithelium

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41
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Larynx

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42
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

Respiratory epithelia (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi)

43
Q

Transitional

A

Bladder
Uterus
Ureter

44
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
Most abundant tissue in body
Different types:
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
45
Q

Ground substance

A

Serves as a pathway for the transport and exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissue cells
Produced by connective tissue cells

46
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

Made of collagen protein

Flexible yet strong

47
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Made of elastin protein
Capable of stretching and going back to original shape
Ex: Walls of arteries, larynx, trachea, bronchi

48
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thin fibers

Form a delicate mesh-like network

49
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies

50
Q

Mast cells

A

Produce histamine

Affect permeability of blood vessels

51
Q

Fibroblast

A

Most abundant

Makes fibers

52
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Ex: Intervertebral discs, symphisis pubis

53
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

Outside of intervertebral discs

54
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized

Stratified squamous

55
Q

Dermis

A

CT
Sweat and sebaceous glands
Blood vessels
Supports epidermis

56
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous
Adipose
Blood vessels

57
Q

Skin layers from superficial to deep

A 
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
basale (germinativum)

Pneumonic: cute ladies get smart guys

58
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow/brown pigment produced by melanocytes

Protects against UV light

59
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow/orange pigment rich in Vitamin A

60
Q

Skin tone

A

Strength and resiliency

Elastic and collagenous fibers

61
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine
Sebum
Found all over body (except palms and soles of feet)

62
Q

Holocrine gland

A

ruptures to release sebum

63
Q

Sebum

A

oily substance that lubricates hair shaft

64
Q

Sweat gland

A

coiled and tubular with a duct

65
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

causes hair to stand up

66
Q

Red bone marrow

A

RBC production

67
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of bone
compact bone
marrow cavity

68
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of bone
spongy bone
articular cartilage

69
Q

Osteon

A

also called Haversian system
main component of bone
composed of concentric lamellae, Haversian canal (contains blood vessels and nerves)

70
Q

Canaliculi

A

channels connecting osteocytes to carry nutrients

71
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

stem cell

72
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

shaped like a butterfly (from inferior view with mandible removed)

73
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

cribiform plate

crista galli

74
Q

Sella turcica

A

where pituitary gland sits

75
Q

Fontanels

A

only on newborns
soft spots on skull
so bones can move to fit through birth canal

76
Q

12 ribs

A

1-7 are true
8-10 are false
11 and 12 are floating

77
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

articulate with ribs (so there are 12 thoracic vertebrae)
heart shape body
posterior inferior spinous process

78
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

bifid spinous process

transverse foramen

79
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

quadra-angular spinous process

large body

80
Q

Atlas

A

C1
no body
no spinous process

81
Q

Axis

A

C2
bifid spinous process
dens (odontoid process)-articulates with atlas
transverse ligament

82
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

scapula and clavicle

83
Q

Pubic angle

A

males=less than 90

females=more than 90

84
Q

Joints pneumonic

A

SAD (movement increases from S to D)
S=synarthrotic-skull
A=amphiarthrotic-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
D=diarthrtic (synovial)-rest of body

85
Q

Condyloid/Ellipsoidal joints

A

Biaxial

Ex: wrist, knuckles

86
Q

Saddle joint

A

Biaxial

Ex: thumb opposition

87
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial

Ex: elbow, knee

88
Q

Shoulder separation vs dislocation

A

separation=sprain (stretching or tearing) of acromioclavicular ligament
dislocation=head of humerus not in position

89
Q

Bursa

A

reduces friction

fluid filled sac (filled with synovial fluid)

90
Q

Unhappy triad

A

Torn ACL, MCL (medial collateral ligament) and damaged medial meniscus

91
Q

Deltoid ligament

A

strongest ligament at ankle

medial

92
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branching, uni-nucleated
striated
involuntary

93
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Long, multi-nucleated
striated
voluntary

94
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Long, uni-nucleated
non-striated
involuntary

95
Q

Aponeurosis

A

thin sheet of dense CT connects muscle to bone

96
Q

Fascia

A

idk

97
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores Calcium

98
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane

99
Q

Sarcomere

A

smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle cell (fiber)

100
Q

I band

A 
contains actin 
thin band (light)
101
Q

A band

A 
contains actin and myosin
thick band (dark)
102
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

point of contact between muscle fiber and axon that stimulates it

103
Q

Concentric movement

A

shortening contraction

Ex: flex bicep

104
Q

Eccentric movement

A

lengthening contraction

Ex: after flexing bicep, lowering down slowly

Anatomy (3 decks)

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