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Herpetology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Current classification order for herps

A

1) Kingdom: Animalia
2) Phylum: Chordata
3) Subphylum: Vertebrata
4) Class: Amphibia and Reptilia

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2
Q

Monophyletic lineage (clade)

A
  • composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants

- Amphibians (frogs, salamanders, caecilians)

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3
Q

Paraphyletic group

A
  • includes all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups
  • Reptilia is an example if birds are excluded
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4
Q

-Polyphyletic group

A

-consists of distantly related taxa whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group

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5
Q

Sister group

A

-adjacent branches on the cladogram

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6
Q

Outgroup

A

-outside of the reptile clade

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7
Q

The devonian opportunity

A
  • about 375 mya

- there was a diversity of shallow aquatic habitats which generated a variety of unexploited microhabitats

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8
Q

What was the driving force behind the evolution of the tetrapods

A

-exploitation of new habitats during the late devonian

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9
Q

Tiktaalik

A

-missing link between fishes and walking land creatures

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10
Q

how do we know tetrapods are descended from lobe-finned fish

A
  • labyrinthodont teeth (moze or labyrinth pattern of tooth surface)
  • this is a characteristic not shared with other fishes
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11
Q

Ichthyostega

A
  • a stem tetrapod
  • basically a fish with legs
  • tiktaalik
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12
Q

Transitioning from fish to tetrapod

A

1) Lungs already present for air breathing
2) Passive pump mechanism replaced by buccal-force pump
3) Joints formed (fins to limbs)
4) No more suction feeding
5) Developed elongated jaws, rudimentary ears, nasal passages, thicker skin

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13
Q

Morphology - fins to limbs

A
  • joints formed in “legs” and digits formed from fin rays

- no longer supported by buoyancy in water

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14
Q

How did feeding change from fish to tetrapods

A
  • skull and vertebral column become mobile

- elongated jaws develop

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15
Q

Origin of modern amphibians

A

-250-300 mya

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16
Q

Primitive amphibians: Lepospondyls

A
  • labyrinthodont teeth
  • simple, spool-shaped vertebrae
  • primitive amphibians
  • similar niches to salamanders, caecillians, lizards
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17
Q

Primitive amphibians: Temnospondyls

A
  • labyrinthodont teeth
  • resemble large salamanders, crocodiles
  • sharp, conical teeth, l
  • large fangs suggest they were predators
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18
Q

Carboniferous

A
  • Age of giant amphibians
  • increasingly warm, with moist terrestrial env
  • this env is highly favorable for amphibians
  • 360-286 mya
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19
Q

Gerobatrachus

A
  • earliest fossil that can be clearly assigned to an extant modern amphibian clade
  • could be link to modern salamanders
  • frogmander
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20
Q

Triadobatrachus

A
  • sister taxon to anura
  • early triassic 245 mya
  • protofrog
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21
Q

What generated many of the extant amphibian families

A

=radiation later in the Cretaceous and Paleocene

  • many of these familes are essentially unchanged for epochs
  • red spotted newt is example
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22
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia

A
  • living amphibians

- extant amphibians fall into one of three orders (anura, caudata, gymophiona)

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23
Q

Traits of Lissamphibia

A
  • smooth skin
  • Pedicellate teeth
  • containts poison, pheromone, and mucous glands
  • shell-less eggs
  • three chambered heart
  • ability to elevate the eye
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24
Q

Anuran traits

A
  • fore and hind limbs usually of unequal size
  • usually no parental care
  • external fertilization
  • fused bones (tibiofibula, raidioulna)
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25
Q

Anuran ancestral mode

A
  • typicall have external fertilization and lay eggs

- there is a wide diversity of reproductive modes

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26
Q

Typicall less than ___% of tadpoles reach metamorphosis

A
  • 10

- due to predation

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27
Q

Traits of caudates

A
  • have four limbs of equal size usually (sirens are exception)
  • generally fossorial or aquatic
  • internal fertilization
  • aquatic or terrestrial eggs
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28
Q

Characteristics of gymnophiona

A
  • eyes covered with skin or bone

- chemosensory tentacles - detects prey

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29
Q

Reproductive strategy of caecilians

A

-all have internal fertilization via phallodeum

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30
Q

Parental care for caecilians

A
  • dermatophagy - young feed on mothers enriched skin cells

- grow in length x10 in one week

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31
Q

Devonian was the ____

A
  • ago of fishes

- and also first tetrapods

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32
Q

Amniotic egg

A
  • shared, derived character of amniotes

- shell protects against desiccation and reduces predation

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33
Q

What are the synapomorphies that distinguish the Amniotes?

A

-skull fenestrae

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34
Q

Some unifying characteristics of the class Reptilia

A
  • shelled amniotic egg
  • scales of epidermal origin made from keratin
  • internal fertilization through a copulatory organ
  • 3 chambered heart (except croc)
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35
Q

Reptile heart:

A
  • occurs in all reptiles except crocodiles
  • ridges on heart help oxygenated and deoxygenated blood stay separate
  • 3 chambers to allow thermal flexibility
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36
Q

Subclass Anapsida, stem reptiles

A
  • developed shells and attained huge sizes
  • led to the modern chelonians
  • includes turtles
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37
Q

Turtles

A
  • only living anapsids and one of the earliest reptile lineages
  • highly motile neck
  • origins 220 mya
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38
Q

Three hypotheses of turtle origins

A

1) Anapsid hypthesis
2) Archosaur hypothesis
3) Lepidosaur hypothesis

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39
Q

Subclass Diapsida

A
  • most species rich extant group of amniotes
  • two extant groups are lepidosaurs and archosaurs
  • have hemipenes, ecdysis, and transverse cloacal slit
40
Q

(lepidosaurs) Order: Rhynchocephalia

A
  • also called tuatara
  • sister group to all lizards and snakes
  • series of spines on nape and back
  • teeth fused to jaw
  • vestigial eye
41
Q

(Lepidosaurs) Order: Squamata - Suborder: Lacertilla

A
  • True lizards, squamates
  • egg bearing
  • most are small and insectivorous, larger species are usually herbivorous
42
Q

(Lepidosaurs) Order: Squamata - Suborder: Ophidia

A
  • Snakes
  • No limbs, eyelids, or external ear
  • left lung is reduced or absent
  • all are carnivorous
43
Q

(Lepidosaurs) Order: Squamata - Suborder: Amphisbaenia

A
  • named after a mythical ant-eating serpent
  • “to go both ways”
  • mostly legless, burrow, eat inverts
44
Q

Jurassic/Cretaceous (Mesozoic era)

A
  • Age of the Reptiles

- originated ~250 mya in the Permian

45
Q

End of the age of reptiles

A

~65 mya

  • The K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) event
  • Mass extinctions correlate with the catastrophic impacts of extra-terrestrial objects
  • 70% of all species on earth went extinct
46
Q

Archosaurs gave rise to the ________

A
  • Crocodylia
  • originated ~200 mya in the Triassic
  • only ~23 spp today
47
Q

Order Crocodylia

A
  • eyes and nostrils set high on head
  • organs remain on surface while the rest of its body is submerged
  • four-champered heart
  • Thecodont teeth
48
Q

How to crocodiles feed

A
  • rotational feeding on large prey
  • ingest stones to help grind hard food items
  • dispatch food by drowning it
49
Q

Crocodile skin

A

-armored by sheets of abutting osteoderms

50
Q

Crocodylia heart

A
  • four chambered

- cogged valve allows blood to be shunted from right side of heart, allows intro of deoxygenated blood

51
Q

Subclass Synapsida

A
  • originated 315 mya in the Carboniferous
  • Eventually led to the modern mammals
  • “proto-mammals”
52
Q

Crocodiles in mythology

A

-Sebek who symbolized viscous passions, decit, treachery, hypocrisy

53
Q

Crocodile reproduction

A
  • build nests either as mounds of rotting vegetation or in friable soils
  • guard nests and may assist young
54
Q

Secondary palate in Crocodylia

A
  • Separation of the oral and nasal cavities

- allows crocs to breathe even when submerged under water

55
Q

Transoceanic dispersal

A
  • dispersal by crossing an ocean
  • more common in reptiles
  • rafting
56
Q

Green iguana dispersal

A
  • Rafted several hundreds of km

- Began in Guadelope and traveled to Carribean

57
Q

Tortoise dispersal

A
  • rafting
  • barnacle growth after 6-7 weeks
  • capable of long-term sperm storage
58
Q

Transcontinental dispersal

A
  • dispersal by crossing a continent
  • land bridges
    ex: ratsnakes: land bridge was mostly composed of deciduous and coniferous forests then
59
Q

human-mediated dispersal

A
  • invasive species
    ex: trade, traveling vehicles
    ex: cane toads, red eared sliders, bullfrogs
60
Q

Vicariance

A

the geographical separation of a population

-creation of a geographical barrier (i.e mountain)

61
Q

Reasons for different species distribution

A
  • Pangea

- cooling/warming periods

62
Q

Island gigantism

A

-less predators and more food

63
Q

Island dwarfism

A

-easier to hide and less food required

64
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

-the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

65
Q

Ectotherm

A
  • rely on solar radiation to raise body temps to a functional level
  • more energy efficient
66
Q

-Endotherm

A

-regulate body temp by metabolizing the food them eat

67
Q

Pros of ectotherms

A
  • use a fraction of the amount of energy a mammal uses
  • can convert a greater percentage of the enrgy they consume into body tissue
  • small body niche is efficient
68
Q

Cons of ectotherms

A
  • difficult to maintain body temps in cold climates
  • predation risk
  • go into torpor when food is scarce
69
Q

Brumation

A
  • hibernation for ectothermic animals

- seek thermal refuges to avoid freezing

70
Q

Hibernations

A
  • state of dormancy of endotherms

- deep sleep triggered by env conditions

71
Q

Estivation

A
  • dormancy during very hot and dry conditions

- also seek thermal refuges to avoid overheating

72
Q

Reptile skin and thermoregulation

A
  • highly impermeable skin permits direct exposure to sunlight without excessive water loss
  • temp control is much more common in reptiles for this reason
73
Q

Activity temp range

A

-temp range over which an individual is active

74
Q

Optimal temp range

A

-temp at which performance of some biochemical reaction or behavior is maximized

75
Q

Critical thermal maxima and minima

A

-higher and lower temps at which locomotion is impaired

76
Q

Inertial homeothermy

A

-large reptiles are able to maintain a mostly constant body temp

77
Q

Qabs = (S)(A)(vfs)(a)

A

-rate of absorption of solar energy by animal
-S=intensity of the radiation
A = surface area of the animal
vfs = proportion of the animals surface that is exposed to radiation
a = proportion of the energy that is absorbed rather tha reflected

78
Q

Basking

A
  • heliothermy
  • extensive in reptiles and some amphibians
  • varies by life stage
79
Q

Regional endothermy

A

-the ability to generate heat in the viscera, brain, eyes, and slow twitch muscle fibers

80
Q

Producing metabolic heat

A
  • leatherback sea turtle
  • heat is generated through muscular activity
  • retained by insulative, thick, oil-filled skin
81
Q

Convection

A

-heat exchange between the solid (animal) and movement of the medium (air or water)

82
Q

Thigmothermy

A
  • drawing heat into body from contact with a warm object in the env
  • exchange from solid to solid
83
Q

Evaporative cooling

A
  • water passes across skin, vaporizes on surface

- involves large loss of heat to convert water from liquid to gass

84
Q

Why is evaporative cooling a mjor issue for amphibians

A
  • skin is so permeable that high water loss is continuous

- only few have any control over evaporative hear loss

85
Q

Amphibians in freshwater

A
  • hyperosmotic

- actively sequester ions via gills and skin

86
Q

Amphibians in brackish water

A
  • Hypo-osmotic

- most amphibians would dehydrate in ocean water

87
Q

How do spadefoots survive by being underground for 9 months a year

A
  • start with a full bladder of dilute urine
  • for first 7 months, their plasma and urine conc dont change
  • for las 2-3 months, soil dries, toads ramp up their plasma osmolality and continue to extract moisture from soil
88
Q

Cutaneous drinking

A
  • dermal absorption of water
  • primarily through the seat patch or pelvic patch or venter
  • amphibians
89
Q

Salamander grooves and annuli

A
  • Costal grooves

- grooves and wrinkles on ventrum draw water from a wet surface up onto animal through capillary action

90
Q

Water gains

A
  • liquid water
  • performed water
  • metabolic water
91
Q

Water loss

A
  • evaporation
  • urine and feces
  • salt glands
92
Q

Ammonotelic

A

-in aquatic env

93
Q

Ureotelic

A

-in moist terrestrial env

94
Q

Uricotelic

A

-in arid env

95
Q

Aestivation

A

-dormancy and cocoon formation of dead epidermis or encapsulating dried mucous

96
Q

Biogeography

A

-past and present distribution of animals

97
Q

What is preformed water

A

-what that is derived from dietary components like starch, fat, protein

Herpetology (8 decks)

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