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Geog 1972 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Defitions

1
Q

What is Carbon?

A

A necessary greenhouse gas that is part of every living organism. It is the building block for life.

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2
Q

What is the Carbon cycle (carbon civilization)?

A

This shows how carbon is changed in the atmosphere and underground.

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3
Q

What are the methods for changing Carbon?

A

Extraction = removing carbon from something such as the atmosphere.
Emissions = released from cars when they are burning fuel.
Removal of trees = burning (can’t absorb carbon if they are removed)

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4
Q

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

A

Trapping the sun’s warmth in the atmosphere under the clouds, making the Earth’s surface warmer. Warm water holds less warmth than cold water (climate change means it can store less carbon).

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5
Q

What are the most common Greenhouse gases?

A

Water, Carbon Dioxide (catches the most amount of heat), Methane

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6
Q

Why are Greenhouse gases essential?

A

Help reduce global warming.

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7
Q

What does the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change have to say about global warming?

A

1.5 degrees is too much. Currently, we are at 1, so the increase of .5 is too high. It would take the world 12 years to decrease by 45%.

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8
Q

What are some reasons, related to climate change, for animal extinction?

A

Not being able to cope with the heat.
The sea ice extent is decreasing - permafrost.
The sea level is increasing.
Hot rain is evaporating - the lakes are shrinking.
Glaciers are retreating - turning into lakes. (Alaska)

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9
Q

What are the biggest impacts on the environment and weather?

A

Hurricanes, Drought, Fires, Health impacts, Malaria increase, Malnutrition, Disruption of water supply.

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10
Q

Has the rate of population growth slowed or increased? Why?

A

Slowed by 2% each year recently. This is because: family planning methods have got better, awareness of the advantages of having a small family, the death rate is also decreasing.

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11
Q

What is cornucopian?

A

Where people are moving to the city, so there is less labor on farms, so food production is behind, therefore the land is wasted and is changing purpose.

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12
Q

What is the aim of the Green Revolution?

A

Oberserve environmentals changes from aggriculture and technology - to feed more people. This is only successful with the development of new technology. The reason this is needed is because the food distribution is currently not good enough - there is a lot of food getting wasted as it is being produced too fast (2.2% increase over the past year).

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13
Q

How is the Green Revolution achieved?

A

Pesticides, fertilizers, and high yielding variety are made better in developing countries. It makes it easier for these countries to get better access to food. This is only helpful if the countries are able to afford the technology.

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14
Q

What happens if the birth rate/death rate slows?

A

People are proven to live to an older age because they can have better access to materials.

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15
Q

What does IPAT stand for?

A

Environmental Impact = population X affluence X technology

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16
Q

What is the biggest impact on the environment?

A

Technology

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17
Q

What is the benefit of solar energy?

A

Energy is clean and preserved by the sun, helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduces our dependence on fossil fuels (coal and natural gases and oil).

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18
Q

What is the main negative of solar energy plants?

A

Loss of valuable space and it is more expensive initially.

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19
Q

What is land tenure?

A

Rules invented by society in order to control behavior.

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20
Q

What is open access property?

A

There are no property rights and is not managed by anyone.

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21
Q

What is private property?

A

Recognized and enforced by the owner. State police can make rule changes.

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22
Q

What is state property?

A

The state can decide what happens here. Limited enforcement could lead to an open access situation.

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23
Q

What is common property?

A

Managed by a recognised community (fishery/forests). Could be reinforced by the state if control is tough (arguments or poorly managed).

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24
Q

What does having the “rights to resource” mean?

A

People could have control over a part of someone else’s property (trees, pavement, farms).

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25
Q

Common property management techniques are…

A

Boundaries, Sanctions, Conflict resolution, Collective choices, Proportional - costs accrued should be with benefits, Monitored by users, Autonomy.

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26
Q

What are some common property problems?

A

Water droughts (Maharashtra), Cattle / Livestock (Swiss Alps).

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27
Q

What is the main problem Koyoto had with USA?

A

The USA were causing problems (55% of carbon emissions) but were doing nothing to resolve them - Koyoto were having to deal with them. “Shallow treaty”.

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28
Q

Why did Canada retreat from Koyoto?

A

They retreated in 2012. Koyoto didnt end up representing the change in which they described. The president of Canda was unsure about the success of Koyoto because it wasn’t involing the USA and China (biggest emmiters).

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29
Q

What is going to replace Koyoto because of their uncertancy?

A

Paris agrement - 2016. They are planning on taking over the Koyoto plan in 2020 as they are: more specific, have more evaluations, and have signed a non-binding agreement.

30
Q

John Muir - dominion thesis

A

Preservation - keep the damn in its natural state “unspoiled”. Protect from human use - “pristine and natural”, being envirnmentally clean (Natural parks).

31
Q

Pinchot - dominion thesis

A

Conservation - “wise use”. Exploit matural resources wisely, for greatest of good for the longest of time. Supply great benefit for more people (anthopocentric).

32
Q

Intrinsic value

A

Total value of the ecosystem is more than the sum of the value of its parts (value of a forest does not equal the value of its timber, plus whatever other natural resources can be sold).

33
Q

Land-ethic

A

Ethic stating how humans should regard the land - Aldo Leopold.

34
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Protects nature for humans, but understands the importance of protecting nature from humans. Humands found practicality from nature, and saw that it was asthetically pleasing. Wanted people to practice teh exercise fo “Voluntary decency” towards the rest of nature

35
Q

Anthropocentric

A

Obligation to think about the future generations. Human centered (manipulating, utilizing, protecting).

36
Q

Stewardship

A

Ethics to care for something.

37
Q

Biocentric

A

Humans arent different to nature, and human and nature shouldnt be expected to be treated different (nature does not exsist to be used or consumed by humans).

38
Q

Anthropocene is…

A

Where people have a big effect on the environment - control is elusive.

39
Q

Political Ecology

A

Unites issues of ecology with a polical economy perspective.

40
Q

Stewardship

A

Taking the responsibility to care for a property or the fate of others. Often used in a religous context - caring for creation.

41
Q

With the oceans impending collaspe, what did McKibben say?

A

“End of nature”.

42
Q

Rewilding

A

Restoring a natural area. Taking something that has been tampered with by humans, and then trying to put it back to its natural state.

43
Q

Exponetial Growth

A

Rate is mathematically proportional to the current value, leading to non-linear increase of the population - compound growth leads to implied scarcity.

44
Q

Thomas Malthus Theory

A

Human population is the single greatest influence on the status of the earth and its limited avalible resources.

45
Q

Acording to Malthus, what are the natural limits for population overflow to keep it in proportion?

A

Wars, famine, destitution and disease

46
Q

What would be the main cause of

A

Exhust fumes, ozone, blowing dust

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of having new people in a population?

A

Higher demand for water, more trash, more construction (houses / workplaces). Exhust fumes increase individula weight for greenhouse gases affecting local air polution and global climate change.

48
Q

What are the biggest contributers to water use in Phoenix?

A

Affluence and living conditions.

49
Q

What did Malthus say about the poor?

A

They have no self control. They are counterproductive - encourage unnecessary reproduction and resource waste. Key to averting = moral code of self-restraint. Time and money management is the worst.

50
Q

Module of the Mathusian is…

A

Dynamic of population vs natural resources. Current predictions: relationships between society + environmetn + the nature of resource scarcity + our capacity to overcome the issue.

51
Q

What was the theory of Paul Ehrilch + John Holdren

A

Every additional person on earth has an added impact on the average affluence of the population and avalibility of technology - solar energy rather than coal (renewable). Takes into account overall rate and the type of consumption of energy.

52
Q

Examples of Environmental impacts are…

A

Deterioration of resources, decline of ecosystem, production of waste.

53
Q

What is affluence?

A

Level of consumption per capita gross domestic product / goods per capita are consumed and / or produced.

54
Q

What is technology when refering to the environment?

A

Set of methods avaliable to population to produce (fertilizer).

55
Q

What is the Forest Transition theory?

A

Predicts deforestation - cleared for aggriculture. Forest will return when the economy changes and population outmigrates and is conservation orientated.

56
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

Theoretical population limit.

57
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

Theoretical spatial extent of earth’s surface required ti sustain all population = index of environmental impact.

58
Q

What was the wager that came from Julian Simon?

A

Human population growth = good for living conditions and environment quality.
More people = more good ideas.
More demand for clean water = bigger incentive to find it.
“Things get better not worse with advent of every birth.”

59
Q

What is the Market Response Model?

A

Thinking economically suggests that scarcity does not set the limits of the relations between society and environment, but instead operates as the engine of their interactions. Scarce resources are made avaliable through supply and demand - inspires creativity by economic incentives.

60
Q

What are some of the avaliable resources that were exploited through the Market Response Model?

A

Oil = cars.
Landfil = waste from population.
Vegetables = health benefit.
All are more expensive and are not able to compete with the products that are reducing carbon emissions.

61
Q

What was the main conclusion about the tradjedy of commons?

A

There are no solutions because all views were implicit and universal assumptions. This includes the population problem.

62
Q

What does incommensurables mean?

A

Uncomparable (goods are incommensurables as population has not reached optimum yet).

63
Q

What is expected of the herdsmen?

A

They will keep control of all of their cattle without any issues. They try to keep as many as possible.

64
Q

Why are the commons not always justifyable?

A

Only under low population density - as population increased, the commons had to be abandoned.

65
Q

What is the Prisoner’s Dilema?

A

Where multiple individuals make decisions in order to benefit their own interests - create collective outcomes that are non-optimal for everyone.

66
Q

Describe an example of the Prisoner’s Dilema

A

Spilling paint into a storm drain rather than taking it to a legally approved dump side. If a single household were to do this, there would be lower labor burden, still benefit from a healthy environment because everyone else disposes of it properly without harming the public.

67
Q

Are all commoners equal?

A

Ownership or inheritance of property is patriarchal and patrilineal (women cannot own or inheret property).

68
Q

What is a factory farm?

A

Industrial factory which hosts a large amount of animals where their movements are extremely limited. They are kept in cages or pens.

69
Q

What type of pollution can factory farming cause?

A

Air and water.

70
Q

What are the advantages of factory farming?

A

More animals raised on less land = more space for other economic development.
Price for meat has dropped meaning that the familys leaving near the poverty line are able to get access to meat now.

71
Q

What are the disadvantages of factory farming?

A

(Mostly human centered)
De-peopling rual communities.
Air and water pollution.
Costs for cleaning periodic disasterous spills are high.

Geog 1972 (1 decks)

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