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Immunology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunology

A

Immunology is the study of the body’s reaction to foreign substances in defense

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2
Q

Explain the function of the immune system.

A

To recognize foreign substances and efficiently respond to them

MHC essential for immune recognition

Protect from internal abnormalities (tolerance) and harmful environment influences

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3
Q

Define and give an example of Active Natural Immunity.

A

Antigens enter the body naturally; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphs

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4
Q

Define and give an example of Active Artificial Immunity.

A

Antigens are introduced via vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphs

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5
Q

Define and give an example of Passive Natural Immunity.

A

Antibodies pass from the mother to the fetus through the placenta or to the infant through mother’s milk

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6
Q

Define and give an example of Passive Artificial Immunity.

A

Preformed antibodies in immune system; introduced into body from an injection

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7
Q

Define passive and active Immunity

A

Passive: someone else is producing the antibodies
Active: The person themselves are making the antibody

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8
Q

Mode of action, cell type, products, function, purpose of Humoral mediated immunity adaptive response

A

Mode of action: antibody production
Cell type: B cells
Products: antibodies
Function: Opsonization, neutralization, complement activation
Purpose: Primary defense against extracellular infection

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9
Q

Mode of action. cell type, products, function, purpose of cell-mediated immunity adaptive response

A

Mode of action: Cell to cell contact and soluble mediators
Cell type: T cells
Products: Cytokines and cytotoxins
Function: CD4 - increased phagocytosis and activation of B cell activity. CD 8 - Lysis of cells.
Purpose: CD4 - Help with extracellular infections CD8 - Defense against intracellular infection.

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10
Q

Mode of action, cell type, purpose of Humoral-Mediated Immunity Innate Response

A

Mode of action: Complement (acute phase reactants)
Cell type: Synthesized by the liver (hepatocytes)
Purpose: Lysis of cells, opsonization

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11
Q

Mode of action, cell type, purpose of Cell-Mediated Immunity

Innate Response

A

Mode of action: Phygocytosis
Cell type: macrophages and neutrophils
Purpose: defense against extracellular infections and antigen presentation

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12
Q

Function of C reactive protein

A

complement activation, opsonization and inflammation

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13
Q

Function of Serum amyloid A

A

Removal of cholesterol

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14
Q

Function of Alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

Protease inhibitor

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15
Q

Function of Fibrinogen

A

Causes clot formation

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16
Q

Function of Haptoglobin

A

binds free hemoglobin

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17
Q

Function of Ceruloplasmin

A

oxidizes Fe and binds copper

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18
Q

Function of Complement C3

A

Oposinization, lysis, inflammation

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19
Q

Function of Mannose binding protein

A

Complement acitivation

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20
Q

Why is C-reactive protein monitored in inflammation?

A

It is present at large levels and rapidly increases during infections and other physiological conditions (heart attack, surgery, trauma) that cause increased inflammation. Has a short half life and therefore goes to normal the quickest

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21
Q

What is the purpose of high sensitivity C-reactive protein testing?

A

Predictor of risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure

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22
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and opsonization?

A

Opsonization: antibodies of certain IgG subclasses bind to microbes and are then recognized by Fc receptors on phagocytes. Signals from the Fc receptors promote the phagocytosis of the opsonized microbes and activate the phagocytes to destroy them
Phagocytosis: is the process of actual coming into contact with the antigen, engulfing it and digesting it

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23
Q

Where are the Toll-like receptors found and what is their purpose??

A

Found on phagocytes. They recognize pathogenic molecular patterns on microbes allowing them to immediately recognize pathogens

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24
Q

Primary Function of Macrophages

A 
Derived from the monocyte. Is a phagocytic cell, is a bridge between the adaptive and innate immune response, activates by microbial products and INFγ. 
Lung—alveolar macrophages
Liver—Kupffer cells
Brain—microglial cells
CT: histocytes
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25
Q

Primary Function of

Dendritic Cell

A

Bone marrow derived cells, found in epithelial and lymphoid tissue.
Skin—Langerhan cells
Major Organs—Interstitial cells
Thymus—interdigitating cells

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26
Q

Primary Function of

Follicular Dendritic Cell

A

Cells in lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs that express complement to receptors. Display antigens on their surface for B cell recognition. Secrete cytokines that attract B cells to the follicles

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27
Q

Primary Function of CD4 TH1

A

Major Characteristics
-Utilizes CD40 ligand and INFγ to increase the ability of macs to kill phagocytosed cells (classical pathway of activation)

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28
Q

Primary Function of CD4 TH2

A

Major Characteristics

  • induced in parasitic worm infections and promote IgE- mast cell- and eosinophil-mediated destruction
  • Also involved with allergic reactions
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29
Q

Primary Function of CD4 TH17

A

Major Characteristics

  • develop in bacterial and fungal infections a and induce inflammatory reactions that destroy extracellular bacteria and fungi and may contribute to several inflammatory diseases
  • Major function is to stimulate the recruitment of neutrophils (and to lesser extent macs)
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30
Q

Primary Function of CD4 Treg

A

A population of T cells that inhibit the activation of other T calls and is necessary to maintain peripheral tolerance to self antigens. Most regulatory T cells are CD4+ and express the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor (CD25), CTLA-4, and the transcription factor FoxP3

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31
Q

Primary Function of CD8

A

A lymphocyte, part of the adaptive immunity, interacts with MCH1 cules, contains CD8 costimulator, effector function is to recognize and kill host cells infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens

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32
Q

Primary Function of NK cells

A

Lymphocyte, part of the innate immune system, default is to kill cells, kill microbe infected cells, secretes INFγ which activates macs to secrete IL-12 which stimulates NK cells. Recognize MHC1 cules and which inhibits the killing of the cells. If no MHC1 cule (such as virus infected) then the NK cell will kill

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33
Q

What is the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells

A

This is how phagocytes can digest and kill bacteria. Essentially, in the phagolysosome they generate reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) that are toxic to microbes
NADPH oxidase +O2 → O2 and NADP + H+
Superoxidase dismutase → H2O2 + O2
Myeloperoxidase + Cl → OCl- + H2O

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34
Q

List two molecules that can be seen as opsonins

A

Antibodies and complement (C3b)

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35
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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36
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen, Mucosal and cutaneous lymph tissues

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37
Q

What are the subsets of T cells and their purpose

A

Helper T cells—interacts with MHC II and fights primarily extracellular pathogens
TH1 → increases cell mediated response
TH2→ increases antibody response
Cytotoxic T cells—interacts with MHC I and fights primarily intracellular pathogens

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38
Q

What is the process of memory T cell production

A

Active plasma cells are given a signal to shut down production. Some memory cells are produced at the end of a primary response. A larger # of memory cells are produced during the secondary (anamenestic) response. Memory cells are typically stored in the BM. Memory cells are typically produced in response to T-cell dependent antigens

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39
Q

What are the co stimulatory markers needed for B cell maturation

A

Complement (attached to the antigen) + CD21 (CR2) on surface of B-cell

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40
Q

What are the two subsets of B cells

A

B-1 (lungs) and B-5 (traditional)

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41
Q

The stages of any significant characteristics of each stage in B cell maturation

A

Stem cell
Pro-B
-Pre-B–Surface IgM heavy chain, cytoplasm heavy chain
-Immature B– Completed surface IgM receptor
-Mature B– IgM and IgD surface receptors

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42
Q

How and why are CD4’s differentiated into TH1’s and TH2’s

A

TH1: Increase amount IL-12 promotes this differentiation. Enhances phagocytosis and phagocytes
TH2: Increase amount IL-4 promotes this differentiation. Enhances antibody production in B cells

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43
Q

T independent response

A

In the lymphoid follicles, B cell receptors recognize Ag in native states (no antigen processing needed). Crosslinking at least 2 receptors (second signal also needed: 1) C3d on microbe with CR2 on the B cell or 2) Toll-like receptors on the B cell) the B cells to make IgM

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44
Q

T dependent response

A

occurs when a B-cell is presenting an antigen on a MHC II, which interacts with an effector CD4 cell that recognizes the same antigen. The B cell will then start to make antibodies, isotype switch and eventually makes memory cells

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45
Q

What is the difference between the outcomes of the T dependent and T independent immune response

A 
T-independent—only IgM made
T-dependent—Antibody class switching and affinity maturation, memory cell production
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46
Q

Describe the mechanisms for NK cell antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and the mechanism for killing

A

NK cells have receptors for the Fc region of IgG antibodies. If IgG antibodies are attached to the antigen, the NK receptors will attach and release perforin and granyzmes to initiate the killing of the antigen

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47
Q

CD markers on helper T cells

A

CD2, CD3, CD4

48
Q

CD markers on cytotoxic T cells

A

CD45+, CD3+, CD8+

49
Q

CD marker on B cells

A

CD45+, CD19+, CD20+, CD24+, CD38, CD22

50
Q

Explain the activating receptor and the inhibitory receptors of the NK cell

A

Activating receptor: kills cells unless the MHC I on the cell binds onto the NK cell’s inhibitory receptor. Therefore, the presence of MHC I on normal cells prevents the killing, lack of it (maybe cuz of virus) activates NK cells

51
Q

What is the co-stimulatory molecules needed to activate a B cell

A

Complement attached to a microbe

CR2 on the B cell

52
Q

What is the co-stimulatory molecules for T cell activation by APC’s antigen presentation

A

CD28 on the T cell

B7 on the B cell

53
Q

The T cell receptor will bind to what?

A

CD4 receptor will bind to MHC II molecules attached to antigen
CD8 receptor will bind to MHC I molecules attached to antigens

54
Q

What are the B cell receptors on immature B cells and on the mature B cells

A

Immature B cells only have IgM antibodies

Mature B cells have IgM and IgD on the surface

55
Q

What domains make up the T cell receptor itself

A

There are two different chains that make up the T cell receptor
Alpha chain and Beta contains a variable and a constant region

56
Q

List the stage and any significant characteristic of each stage in T cell maturation

A
  • Stem Cell
  • Pro T cell– CD4= CD8 = (double negative)
  • Pre T cell– Rearrangement of the Beta chain receptor
  • Immature T cell– CD4+ CD8+ (Double positive chain)
  • Mature T cell– CD4+ or CD8+
57
Q

When an activated T cell reacts with an activated B cell, what receptors are used?

A

CD40 on the B cell and CD40L on the T cell

58
Q

How does the immune system stop antibody production in B cells (plasma cells)

A

The Fc portion of the antibody attaches to the B cell and signals the B cell to stop antibody production

59
Q

Define antigens and describe size, chemical compositions, foreignness, degradability, complexity.

A

A substance that reacts with antibodies or sensitized cells that may or may not evoke an immune response
Size: MW of at least 100,000 (The greater the MW, the more antigenic)
Chemical: proteins and polysaccharides, carbohydrates are weaker
Foreignness: The more foreign, the greater chance the immune system will recognize it
Degradability: Must be structurally stable
Complexity: more antigenic if more complex

60
Q

What is an adjuvant made up of and what is it purpose

A

Usually bacteria like substances (such as LPS) that help induce or enhance an immune response by increasing cytokine levels. They are often used in vaccines. Other adjuvants can be cules that improve the stability of antigens in vaccines making them more likely to induce a response.

61
Q

Define antigenic determinants or epitopes

A

Region of the antigen that is recognized by T or B cell receptor

62
Q

Haptens

A

Protein free substance that is too small to illicit an immune response

63
Q

Carriers

A

Haptens will bind to carrier proteins and once bound the haptens can illicit an immune response

64
Q

Discuss the best chemical components to make the most immunogenic antigens

A

Large complex proteins or polysaccharides

65
Q

What makes up the MHC classes?

A

MHC I: A, B, C
MHC II: DR, DQ, DP
MHC III: Complement

66
Q

Describe the structure of MHC I

A

MHC I: Small beta chain and large alpha chain that forms the cleft and crosses the transmembrane region

67
Q

Describe the structure of MHC II

A

MHC II: Large alpha and beta chains. Both chains for the cleft and cross the cell membrane

68
Q

B cell receptor complex

A

Includes:
-The heavy and light chains
-The Igα and Igβ
The heavy and light chains are involved with binding of the antigen, the Igα and Igβ are involved within signal transduction

69
Q

T cell receptor complex

A 
Includes:
-α and β chains that make up the TCR
-CD4 or CD8
-zeta and CD3 molecules
the α and β chains bind to a single peptide antigen, CD4 or CD8 bind to the nonpolymorpholic area of the MHC protein. Zeta and CD3 are involved with signal transduction
70
Q

MHC I and MCH II molecules interact with what T cell and concerned with what type of antigen

A

MHC I proteins associates with intracellular antigens (CD8)

MHC II proteins associate with extracellular antigens (CD4)

71
Q

Define and discuss examples of cross reactivity

A

Antibodies produced against one antigen may bind other structurally similar antigens
Examples are Heterophile antibodies

72
Q

IgM

A 
• 5-10% of Ab
• BCR of naïve B cell (along with IgD)
• First Ab made in an immune response
• Made in secondary lymphoid tissue
• secreted as pentamer (10 binding sites) linked by J chain
• Circulates in lymph and blood
• 5 day half life
• 3rd most common Ig
• Function
o activates complement (classical pathway), neutralization, not an opsonin
73
Q

IgG

A

• Most abundant Ab in internal body fluids (70-80%)
• Made in secondary lymph nodes
• Transports across the placenta
• 23 day half life
o Opsonization, complement activation, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.
• 4 subclasses
Subclasses differ mainly in the number and position of the disulfide bonds between the gamma chains
IgG1 is the predominant subclass
IgG3 has the largest hinge and the largest # of interchain disulfide bonds (most efficient at binding complement)
IgG2 and IgG4 have shorter hinge segments

74
Q

IgA

A

• Alpha heavy chain
• second most common in the blood
o IgA monomeric form made in the lymph nodes, spleen, marrow and can diffuse into extravascular spaces
• Major Ab of mucosal surfaces and bodily secretions
• Dimeric form made in MALT

75
Q

IgE

A

• Epsilon is the heavy chain
• Major function is sensitation of mast cells
• Fc region binds to the surface of Mast cell and
promotes inflammation
• Defense against helminthic parasites
• Type one hypersensitivity
• Least abundant (0.004%) and most heat liable

76
Q

IgD

A
  • small amount in the blood (<0.2%)
  • Ag receptor on naïve B cells (with IgM)
  • Plays a role into B cell activation
  • Unknown other functions
  • 3 day serum half life
77
Q

Light chain frequency

A

Kappa to lambda 2:1

78
Q

IgG subclasses that can cross the placenta

A

All IgG but IgG2 is the least effective

79
Q

Isotypic determinants

A

A unique amino acid sequence that is common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species

80
Q

Allotypic determinants

A

Minor differences that are inherited

81
Q

Idiotypic determinants

A

Variable portions of each chain are unique to a specific antibody molecule. IgG-chicken pox antibody and Influenza A antibody would be the same

82
Q

Anamnestic response

A

secondary immune response

83
Q

Immune complex

A

A multimolecular complex of antibody cules with bound antigen. Vary greatly in size. Can lead to inflammation or disease

84
Q

Sensitization

A

physical attachment of Ab molecules to Ag on erythrocyte membrane

85
Q

Specificity

A

A feature of the adaptive immune system. The immune responses are directed toward and able to distinguish between distinct antigens on small parts of antigens

86
Q

Affinity

A

The strength of the binding between a molecule and a single binding site

87
Q

Avidity

A

The overall strength of interaction between two molecules (ab and ag). Depends on both the affinity and the valency of interaction.

88
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Cell movement toward cytokine increased concentration

89
Q

Discuss the fragmentation of the basic immunoglobulin structure by papain

A

3 equal fragments (2 Fab, 1 Fc)

90
Q

Discuss the fragmentation of the basic immunoglobulin structure by pepsin

A

2 pieces: 1 with variable region where antigens bind

91
Q

Describe the function of Fc and Fab portions of immunoglobulins

A

Fab region: includes one complete light chain paired with one heavy chain fragment containing the variable domain s and only the first constant domain.
Fc region: contains only the disulfide-linked carboxyl-terminal regions of the two heavy chains.

92
Q

Examine the procedure for the formation of a monoclonal antibody in vitro

A

Purified Ab cloned from a single cell that will bind the same epitope
Somatic cell hybridization—hybrid cells secrete the Ab of parent cell

93
Q

Hybridoma

A

multiplying hybrid cell culture (Combination of plasma cells and myeloma)

94
Q

How many subgroups does IgG have

A

4

95
Q

What are the primary difference between the structure of the IgG group

A

Disulfide bonds

96
Q

If two antibodies have different constant regions and the same variable region would they have idiotypic differences or isotypic differences

A

Isotypic

97
Q

What segments of genes are put together in heavy chain

A

Heavy chain: VDJ and constant region (C)

98
Q

What segment of genes are put together to make a light chain

A

Light Chains: VJ and constant region (C)

99
Q

The source, primary function and whether innate or adaptive

Interleukin 1, 2, 3, 4

A

IL 1: Macrophages, Selectin production, Acute phase protein products
IL 2: T cell, Increased T cells, adaptive
IL 3: Effector T cells, Colony stimulation factor, Innate
IL 4: T cell, TH2 shift adaptive

100
Q

The source, primary function and whether innate or adaptive

Interleukin 5, 6, 7, 10

A

IL 5: T cell, Increase eosinophil production, Innate
IL 6: Mac, effector T cells, B cell differentation, Innate
IL 7: BM stroma, Increased B and T cell production, Innate
IL 10: T cell, Inhibits WBC production, adaptive

101
Q

The source, primary function and whether innate or adaptive

Interleukin 12, Interferon Alpha and Beta, Interferon Gamma, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha

A

IL 12: B cell, Mac, Increase INF gamma, T cells, NK, and TH1 shift
Interferon Alpha and Beta: T cell, Mac, NK, Inhibits viruses, Innate
Interferon gamma: T cell, mac, NK, Increase Macs, MHC molecules, adaptive
TNF: Macs, NK, activated T cells and cytokines, innate

102
Q

Cytokines

A

Cytokines are principle mediators of communication between cells of the immune system

103
Q

Chemokines

A

Group of cytokines that promote WBC movement toward the source

104
Q

Briefly describe the method of measuring quantities of cytokines

A

ELISA
• Purchased antibody attached to solid phase
• Add sample (unknown cytokine) and wash
• Add purchase secondary antibody to cytokine with tag + wash
• Activate enzyme substrate in produce color

105
Q

what triggers the activation of the complement pathways

A

Alternate: Bacterial surface antigens
Classical: Fc portion of antibodies (IgM and IgG)
Lectin (Mannose): repeating mannoses on bacterial surface

106
Q

What are the C3 and C5 convertase for the alternative, classical, and manose binding complement pathway

A

Alternative: C3bBb (C3 convertase), C3bBb3bP (C5 convertase)

Classical and MCL: C4b2a (C3 convertase), C4b2a3b (C5 convertase)

107
Q

Inhibitors of complement

A 
Inhibitors of C3 convertase
• C4b-binding protein + Factor 1
• Complement receptor Type 1 + Factor 1
• MCF
• DAF
Factor H
S protein
108
Q

C1 inhibitor

A

binds C1rs

109
Q

C4b binding protein + Factor 1

Complement receptor Type 1 + Factor 1

Membrane Cofactor protein (MCF) + Factor 1

Decay Accelerating factor (DAF) + Factor 1

A

Inhibitors of C3 convertase

110
Q

Factor H

A

prevents binding of B

111
Q

S protein

A

Interacts with C5b67

112
Q

What are the significant antiphylatoxins produced during the complement cascades and how does it affect the body

A

C3a, C4a, and C5a
Increase vascular permeability, causing contraction of smooth muscles
Neutrophil release of enzymes, free radicals
Chemotaxin
Fever

113
Q

The purpose of complement

A

Lyse the antigen
Opsonization
Anaphylactic response

114
Q

Alternative complement pathway

A

1) C3 is cleaved and C3b is bound to the microbial surface (C3a goes to facilitate inflammation)
2) Factor B is broken down by a plasma protein factor D to generate a Bb which binds to C3b to form the C3 convertase C3Bb which functions as an enzyme
3) The C3 convertase cleaves C3 to make more C3b and C3a, the C3b binds to the Bb forming the C5 convertase
4) The C5 convertase cleaves C5 which initiates the late steps of the compliment activation
5) C3b initiates opsonization

115
Q

Frequently used immunologic assay used for complement testing

A 
Radial immunodiffusion
Nephelometry
Hemolytic titration (CH50)
ELISA
Complement Fixation
116
Q

Both the classical and mannose binding (lectin) complement pathways

A

Classical pathway:

  1. Initiated by IgM or IgG attached to the microbial surface
  2. C1 (made of C1q (MBL for mannose pathway) and two proteases C1s and C1r)
  3. The C1 cleaves C4 and C2
  4. C4b attaches to the microbial surface as well as the C2a which forms the covertase C3
  5. C3 convertase cleaves C3 and C3b attaches to the covertase forming C5 convertase (C3a= inflammation)
  6. C5 convertase cleaves C5 to start the final stages of activation (the common pathway

Immunology (4 decks)

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