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Gen Path > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is the study of ?

A

Disease- scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue or organ system response to injurious agents

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2
Q

What does pathology describe?

A

Describes manifestation of disease- its process and sequal and attempts to determine the cause (etiology) and underlying mechanisms (pathogenesis)

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3
Q

Pathology forms a bridge between ______ and ______.

A
  • Basic science
  • clinical practice
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4
Q

What is disease?

A

State in which an individual exhibits an anatomical, physiological or biochemical deviation from the norm- may not be apparent.

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5
Q

In some diseases the cause can be at _____ but the deviation could take ____ to build up and _____ to become apparent.

A
  • Birth
  • Time
  • years
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6
Q

Pathology studies?

A
  • Etiology
  • pathogenesis
  • morphologic changes
  • clinical significance
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7
Q

Etiology is?

A

What is the cause?

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8
Q

Pathogenesis is?

A

Evolution of disease

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9
Q

Morphology is?

A

Structural changes

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10
Q

Clinical expression—

A

Clinical significance

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11
Q

Pre 18th century- illness was the fault of ______ or exposure to _________.

A
  • Of the sufferer (sin, offending god)
  • Exposure to outside agents (bad smells- miasma) cold or evil spirits
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12
Q

20th century illness was caused by?

A
  • Intrinsic abnormalities - inside the body
  • acquired defect- outsid the body
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13
Q

21st century illness was caused by?

A
  • Sophisticated interaction between intrinsic and acquired characteristics- Apo e. Allele
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14
Q

Apo E. Allele

A

Protein involved in metabolism of fats- implicated in alzeimers disease and cardiovascular disease.

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15
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The mechanism- sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease

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16
Q

what are the morphologic changes that take place when the organism suffers from disease?

A
  • The alterations of molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ system
  • abnormal anatomy
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17
Q

What is included in abnormal anatomy experiencing morphologic changes?

A
  • Gross
  • microscopic
  • radiologic- sound wave
  • molecular
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18
Q

What tells a person that they are sick and need treatment and prognosis?

A

The functional consequences of morphologic changes tells people they are sick

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19
Q

What are the 5 components that account for the great diversity of disease?

A
  • Developmental
  • inflammatory
  • neoplastic
  • degenerative
  • iatrogenic
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20
Q

Regarding clinical expression: what does developmental variation include?

A

Genetic- congenital- hole in the heart etc.

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21
Q

Regarding clinical expression: what does inflammatory include?

A
  • Traua- infection- immune
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22
Q

Regarding clinical expresion: what does neoplastic include?

A

Tumors- cancers

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23
Q

Regarding clinical expression: what does degenerative include ?

A

Ageing

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24
Q

Regarding clinical expression: what does iatrogenic include?

A

Drug- induced i.e. tylenol what does it do- etc.

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25
Q

What is the focus of general pathology?

A

The cell

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26
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of cells
  • the functional unit of all living things is the cell
  • cells only arise from other cells
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27
Q

Who was the father of pathology?

A

Rudolph virchow 1821- 1902

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28
Q

What did Rudolph Virchow conclude about the cell and cell injury?

A
  • Virtually all forms of organ injury begin with molecular or structural alterations of cells.
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29
Q

Regarding cell adaptation, injury and death: normal cells are able to alter their ______ in response to modest ______ and maintain homeostatic control.

A
  • Function
  • perturbation
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30
Q

Excessive physiologic _____ or _______ stimuli result in adaptation.

A
  • Perturbation
  • pathologic
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31
Q

Excessive physiologic perturbation or patholigc stimuli (injury) result in ____?

A

Adaptation

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32
Q

regarding cell adaptation: define adaptation

A

Reversible- functional and structural resonses to changes in physiologic states and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function- able to maintain homeostasis.

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33
Q

What are some of the adaptive responses?

A
  • Hyperlasia
  • hypertrophy
  • atrophy
  • metaplasia
  • apoptosis
  • necrosis
34
Q

What is the adaptive response called hyperplasia?

A

An increase Of the size or weight of an organ or tissue due to increase NUMBERS of the cells.

35
Q

What is the adaptive response called hypertrophy?

A

This is an increase in cell size and functional activity.

36
Q

What is the adaptive response called atrophy?

A

It is a decrease in size of cell mass and metabolic decrease in activity of the cell

37
Q

What is adaptive response called metaplasia?

A
  • It is change in the phenotype of the cells- changing from one adult form to another or a subsititution of on normal cell or tissue type for another.
  • Example would be columnar for squamous/ squamous for columnar
38
Q

Define dyspasia

A

It is the change in shape and form of the cell usually cancer- it is NOT a cellular adaptation process.

39
Q

If a normal cell (homeostasis) encounters stress what is the 1st thing the cell tries to do?

A

Adaptation

40
Q

If the normal cell is unable to adapt- what happens?

A

Cell injury occurs

41
Q

What are the two options cell injury can go?

A
  • Irreversible injury
  • reversible injury
42
Q

If the cell ends up in cell injury and it is severe enough to make it irreversible injury what are the cell options?

A
  • Necrosis
  • apoptosis
43
Q

If the normal cell encounters cell injury but it is mild, and transient (like paper cut) then what happens to the cell?

A

It moves towards reversible injury and back to normal cell homeostasis

44
Q

What does “reversible injury” denote?

A

It denotes pathologic cell changes that can be reversed and normal cellular function restored IF the stimulus is removed and /or the injury is mild.

45
Q

When does irreversible injury occur and what is the result?

A

Irreversible injury occurs when stressor exceed the capacity of the cell homeostatic mechanism to adapt and result in permanent pathologic changes that result in decreased cell function and may cause cell death.

46
Q

Cell death may occur through 2 mechanisms- what are they?

A
  • Necrosis
  • apoptosis
47
Q

What could be the danger of adaptive capabilities of the cells? Give example

A
  • Adaptive capabilities mask sequelae of increased demand usually until significant damage has occured
  • example would be Cardiac Artery disease- loss of Renal function can be asymptomatic
48
Q

What is our job as doctors in regards to the adaptive capabilities of our cells.

A

Our job is to identify the adaptive or symptomatic phase and intervene to diminish, eliminate or prevent dysfunction.

49
Q

What could be causes of cell injury?

A
  • 02 deprivation- hypoxia
  • physical agents
  • chemical agents/drugs
  • infectious agents
  • immunologic reactions
  • genetic derangements
  • nutritional imbalances
50
Q

How does 02 deprivation- hypoxia cause damage to the cell?

A

Hypoxia impairs aerobic respiration and the ability to produce ATP

51
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia?

A
  • Ischemia- reduced blood flow
  • inadequate oxygenation of blood
  • decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood- anemia or carbon monoxide poisoning
52
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury: what is included in physical agents?

A
  • Mechanical trauma
  • temp changes
  • shock
  • radiation
53
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury: what is included in chemical agents and drugs?

A
  • Acids
  • bases
  • toxins
  • therapeutic drugs
  • pollutants
  • social stiumulants
54
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury: what is included in infectious agents?

A
  • Submicroscopic viruses
  • tape worms
  • bacteria
  • fungi
55
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury: what is included in immunologic reactions?

A
  • Xeno- immune reaction- unknown = Xeno
  • auto-immune reaction-
56
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury; what does genetic derangements include?

A
  • extra chromosome- down syndrome
  • single base pair- amino acid sub- sickl ecell anemia
  • accumlation of damaged DNA
  • accumulation of misfolded protiens- both trigger cell death
57
Q

Regarding causes of cell injury: what does nutritional imbalances include?

A
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • excesses
58
Q

Membrane blebs, myelin figure fallling apart, progressive injury, breakdown of plasma and nucleaus leakage of contents are all changes steming from process of?

A

Process of necrosis

59
Q

Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria stem from what process?

A

Process of necrosis

60
Q

Cellular swelling can be attributed to what cell death process?

A

Necrosis

61
Q

Condensation of chromatin, membrane blebs, cellular gragmentation all stem from a cell death process of ?

A

Apoptosis

62
Q

In which process would you see phagocytes, apopototic bodies and no swelling?

A

Process of apoptosis

63
Q

In this process you would see the cell drying up, condensation, and shrinkage?

A

Apoptosis

64
Q

Where would you see “myelin figure” ?

A

Necrosis

65
Q

Where would you see membrane blebs?

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

66
Q

What would be the cellular response to- altered physiologic stimuli of : increased demand , increased trophic stimulation (growth factors, hormones, work load etc)

A

Cell adaptation with Hyperplasia - hypertrophy

67
Q

What would be the cellular response to- altered physiologic stimuli of: decreased nutrients, stimulants?

A

Cellular adaptation- atrophy

68
Q

What would be the cellular response to- altered physiologic stimuli of: chronic irritation- chemical or physcial?

A

Cellular adaptation- metaplasia

69
Q

What is cellular response when 02 reduced, chemical injury and infection is present: acute and self limited?

A

Cell injury- acute reversible injury

70
Q

What is cellular response when 02 reduced, chemical injury and infection is present: progressive and severe- including DNA damage

A

Irreversible injury- cell death- necrosis or apoptosis

71
Q

What is cellular response when 02 reduced, chemical injury and infection is present: mild chronic injury

A

Subcelluar alterations in particular organelles

72
Q

What is the cellular response when metabolic alteration- acquired or genetic occur?

A
  • Intracellular accumulation of: 1. Proteins. 2. Lipids. 3. Carbs. 4. Minerals
73
Q

What is the cellular response to prolonged lifespan with cumulative sub lethal injury?

A

Response is Cellular aging- even if you are living a healthy life - everything starts to slow down.

74
Q

What are the principles of cell injury?

A
  • The cellular response to injury
  • the consequences of the injury
  • cell injury from an abnormality in one or more components
75
Q

Principle #1- the cellular response to injury depends on the?

A
  • Type
  • duration
  • severity of the injury
76
Q

Principle #2 of cell injury- the consequence of the injury depends on the?

A
  • Type
  • state
  • adaptability of the cell
77
Q

List the mechanism of cell injury. (5)

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. mito damage
  3. lose of Ca +2 homeostasis
  4. free radical damage
  5. defects in membrane permeablilty
78
Q

Regarding mechanism of cell injury: ATP deplerion includes what details?

A
  • ATP use is less than ATP synthesis
79
Q

Principle #3 of cell injury- cell injury results from an abnormality in one or more essential cellular components which include?

A
  • Aerobic respiration- mitochondrial oxidation and ATP production
  • membrane integrity- cell and organelle membranes
  • protein synthesis
  • cytoskeletal structure
  • the genetic apparatus- tends not to impair current cell function but impairs cell proliferation.
80
Q

Regarding principle of cell injury

A

Gen Path (2 decks)

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