Exam 1

Question 1

Hyponatremia

Answer 1

An abnormally low concentration of blood sodium (less than 135 mmol/L).

Exertional hyponatremia―results from excessive intake of low-sodium fluids during prolonged endurance activities

Question 2

Dehydration

Answer 2

A state of decreased total body fluid
Mild form (1% to 2% loss of body weight): normal during exercise
Severe form can cause
Alterations in cardiovascular function, thermoregulatory capacity, and muscle function
Heat illness

Factors increasing sweat rate to the point of dehydration
Exercising at very high intensities for a long time
Exercising in very hot and/or humid environments
Exercising in heavy clothing or with heavy equipment

Question 3

Hyponatremia V Dehydration

Answer 3

Hypo = low concentration of sodium

Dehyd = Decreased body fluid

Question 4

Nausea
Vomiting
Extreme fatigue
Respiratory distress
Dizziness
Confusion
Disorientation
Coma
Seizures

V

Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Disorientation
Weakness
Irritability
Headache
Muscle cramps
Chills
Decreased performance

Answer 4

Symptoms of Hyponatremia V Dehydration

Question 5

Protein recommendation:

Divide weight in lbs by 2.205 to get weigh in kg

Answer 5

0.8 g/kg of body weight per day

Divide weight in lbs by 2.205 to get weigh in kg

Question 6

How many calories per g of carbohydrate

Answer 6

4 cal per g of carbs

e.g. 15g of carbs = 60 cal fom carbs

Question 7

Saliva
Enzymes
Bolus of food passes through the esophagus
Peristalsis
Chyme
Small intestine
Pancreas
Most carbohydrates provide four calories per gram; however, as discussed in this chapter, dietary fiber, a form of complex carbohydrates, contributes fewer calories per gram

Bicarbonate released from pancreas
Brush border – ideal environment for digestion and absorption

Release of enzymes to complete digestion

Answer 7

Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

Question 8

Carbohydrates not immediately used for energy are stored

Answer 8

In the liver and muscle

Question 9

End products of glucose metabolism are carbon dioxide, water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Carbohydrates not immediately used for energy are stored in the liver and muscle
If a person continues to consume more carbohydrates than the body can use or store, the body will convert the excess carbohydrates into fat for long-term storage
Insulin and glucagon are two hormones responsible for blood glucose regulation

Answer 9

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 10

Excess carbohydrates consumed beyond what the body can immediately use

Answer 10

can be converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

Question 11

Carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen in the

Answer 11

liver and muscles.

Question 12

Glycolysis System produces how many ATP

Answer 12

Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP and 2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
Then the cell uses anaerobic respiration, which involves a 10-step process to convert pyruvate to ATP or lactic acid(w.o the process

Question 13

Oxygen-Carrying Capacy

The body’s ability to obtain oxygen from the air inhaled into the lungs and transported to the bloodstream

Answer 13

The body’s ability to obtain oxygen from the air inhaled into the lungs and transported to the bloodstream

Question 14

The body’s ability to obtain oxygen from the air inhaled into the lungs and transported to the bloodstream

Answer 14

Oxygen-Carrying Capacity

Question 15

The Metabolic Pathway (Aerobic Glycolysis) produces how many ATP

Answer 15

Each glucose molecule produces 2 ATPs…
NADH and FADH go on to the electron-transport chain
Stripped of their hydrogen and pass through a series of reactions until the energy from electrons is captured and stored
Produces 28 ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

Lipogenesis:

Excess carbohydrates, protein, or fat is converted to fat and stored in

Answer 16

adipocytes.

Question 17

Include
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Disaccharides
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose

Answer 17

Simple Carbohydrates

Question 18

Include
Oligosaccharides
Fructooligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch, Fiber and glycogen

Answer 18

Complex Carbohydrates

Question 19

9 essential amino acids—cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in the diet
11 nonessential amino acids—can be made by the body

Answer 19

9 essential amino acids—cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in the diet
11 nonessential amino acids—can be made by the body

Question 20

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Answer 20

Most accepted and widely used measure of protein quality
Gives each protein food a score determined by its chemical score (essential amino acid content in a test protein divided by the amino acid content in a reference protein food) multiplied by its fecal digestibility
1.0 is the highest score

Question 21

Most accepted and widely used measure of protein quality
Gives each protein food a score determined by its chemical score (essential amino acid content in a test protein divided by the amino acid content in a reference protein food) multiplied by its fecal digestibility
1.0 is the highest score

Answer 21

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Question 22

Complete proteins
Contain all of the essential amino acids
Generally found in animal products
Exception: Soy is a complete protein
Incomplete proteins
Do not contain all of the essential amino acids
Found in plants
Complementary proteins
Combining incomplete proteins to boost protein quality and obtain all the essential amino acids

Answer 22

Protein Quality

Question 23

An endurance athlete would do well to consume a high-carbohydrate diet to enhance muscle glycogen stores and the body’s ability to maintain a ready supply of glucose for aerobic glycolysis.

Answer 23

A strength athlete needs to consume the right type of carbohydrate and protein to optimize creatine stores and muscle rebuilding and hypertrophy.

Question 24

Gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid. HCL
Denaturation, breaking down the protein into the primary structure, begins in the stomach.
Activation of pepsin enzyme takes place.
Breaks peptide bonds between amino acids
Food becomes chyme, which is then released into the small intestine.
Pancreas releases proteolytic enzymes.
Single amino acids are passed into the bloodstream and carried to the liver.

Answer 24

Protein Digestion and Absorption

Question 25

is described as. depleting glycogen stores by intense exercise along with little carbohydrates and then less exercise and a higher intake of carbohydrates to increase glycogen storage.

Answer 25

Carb Loading