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Exam 1: Animal Handling > Exam 1: Animal Handling > Flashcards

Exam 1: Animal Handling Flashcards

1
Q

Two purposes of marking:

A
  1. To mark their environment via urine, feces, anal sac secretions, and other glandular secretions.
  2. To mask the smell of other dogs (over-marking)
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2
Q

High pitched inter-mixed bark with winning means?

A

Attention seeking

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3
Q

Lower toned bark means?

A

More aggressive

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4
Q

Ears in forward position means?

A

Alert, interested

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5
Q

Ears back means?

A

Uncomfortable, pushy (bold)

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6
Q

Ears in neutral position means?

A

Indifference

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7
Q

Cattle vision is roughly ____ degrees compared to that of humans which is approximately 180 degrees.

A

300 degrees

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8
Q

The blind spot in cattle is?

A

Directly behind

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9
Q

The _____ is a key position for moving cattle?

A

Shoulder

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10
Q

The shoulder can be used to move the cow ____ or ____.

A

Forward or backward

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11
Q

Effects of stressful handling in cattle movement:

A
  • Decreased weight loss
  • Decreased rumen function
  • Decreased immune function
  • Meat quality
  • Decreased reproduction
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12
Q

Ways to reduce stress in cattle:

A
  • Take into consideration their visual and auditory ability.

- Decreased noise level, avoid yelling

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13
Q

Tools used to move cattle:

A
  • Sorting sticks
  • Hot shots
  • Paddles
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14
Q

Six basic sections of a well designed working facility:

A
  • Holding pens
  • Connecting allies from holding pens to working areas
  • Crowding pen/tub
  • Working alley
  • Squeeze chute
  • Loading area
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15
Q

Many insecticides (even pour-on products) may have a ___ or ___ withdrawal.

A

Meat and milk

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16
Q

The HOT complex of internal parasites:

A

Haemonchus placei
Ostertgia ostertagi
Trichostrongylus axei

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17
Q

Liver Flukes are more of a problem in ____ areas.

A

Wet

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18
Q

_____ is key to insect control.

A

Good sanitation

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19
Q

_____ is not considered a nutrient, it is a vital component of an animal’s diet.

A

Energy

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20
Q

Energy is used for many things such as?

A

Growth, maintenance, reproductive performance, and physical activity/work.

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21
Q

Besides water, _____ is considered the most critical component in the diet.

A

Energy

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22
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A
  • Those that can not be made by the body

- Must be supplied by the diet

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23
Q

Nonessential nutrients?

A

Can be made by the body or obtained from the diet

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24
Q

Six major categories of nutrients:

A
  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
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25
Q

In animals, energy is primarily stored in the form of ___.

A

Fat

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26
Q

Energy density=

A

Calorie density

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27
Q

The amount of energy in food is written as a ____.

A

Kilocalorie

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28
Q

Chemical energy is transferred to ____ within the body.

A

Heat

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29
Q

The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of water from 14.5’C to 15.5’C.

A

Calorie

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30
Q

1Kcal= _____ calories

A

1000

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31
Q

Most commonly used measurement in animal nutrition.

A

1Kcal=1000 calories

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32
Q

Three basic nutrient requirements that provide the energy source in an animal’s diet:

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins
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33
Q

Some of the food’s energy is lost during the process of ____?

A

Metabolism

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34
Q

Gross energy=

A

Food’s total energy

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35
Q

The amount of energy that can cross the intestinal mucosa.

A

Digestible energy

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36
Q

The amount of energy that can ultimately be used by the body and the body’s tissue.

A

Metabolizable energy

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37
Q

What is an energy imbalance?

A
  • The energy demand and consumption do not match

- The animal is either not eating enough or is eating more than it’s daily requirement.

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38
Q

Which type of energy imbalance do you think is more common in dogs and cats?

A

Excess energy intake

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39
Q

Can feeding an excessive amount of high energy dog food to growing puppies be a problem?

A

Yes, it can lead to skeleton disorders such as osteochondrosis and hip displasia

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40
Q

What does decreased energy consumption lead to in young animals and adult pets?

A
  • Young animals- reduced growth rate and compromised development.
  • Adult pets- weight loss and muscle wasting.
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41
Q

In healthy animals, what is the most common cause of inadequate energy consumption?

A

Very hard working dogs (sled dogs, rescue dogs, field trial/hunting dogs) and pregnant or lactating animals.

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42
Q

Functions of water:

A
  • Facilitates cellular reactions
  • Transport media for nutrients
  • Plays a role in cellular metabolism
  • Plays a role in body temperature regulation through the absorption of heat. Also helps regulate heat through sweat in some species.
  • Water also aides in digestion
  • Aides in the elimination of waste products through filtration through the kidneys.
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43
Q

How is water lost?

A
  • Urinary excretion is the most
  • Fecal water loss
  • Through the respiratory tract
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44
Q

The minimum amount of water that the body must use to rid itself of waste products?

A

Obligatory urine excretion

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45
Q

Refers to the amount of water loss in order to maintain a proper water balance?

A

Facultative urine excretion

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46
Q

Only a very small portion of water is lost through fecal matter unless the animal has ____, then it can be a major source of loss.

A

Diarrhea

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47
Q

Three main sources of water consumption:

A

Food
Drinking water
Metabolic water

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48
Q

Dry food may contain as little as __% water; whereas canned food may contain over __% water.

A

Dry food 7%; Canned food 80%

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49
Q

Metabolic water results from oxidation of _____.

A

Nutrients

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50
Q

Drinking water can be influenced by what multiple factors:

A
  • Type of food being fed
  • Environmental conditions
  • Level of activity
  • Disease conditions
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51
Q

Three basic carbohydrate structures that are made up of varying combinations of carbon atoms?

A
  • Galactose
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
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52
Q

Carbohydrates are primarily derived from?

A

Plants

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53
Q

Two forms of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

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54
Q

Simple sugars?

A

Monosaccharides

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55
Q

Complex sugars?

A

Disaccharides

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56
Q

Two monosaccharides linked together?

A

Disaccharides

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57
Q

Considered a simple sugar. Often found in foods such as berries.

A

Glucose

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58
Q

When the body breaks down starches, it is the primary product?

A

Glucose

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59
Q

Used by the body’s cells for energy?

A

Glucose

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60
Q

The “fruit sugar”

A

Fructose

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61
Q

Sugar found in things such as fruits and honey. Can be found in some vegetables.

A

Fructose

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62
Q

Foods do not generally contain a natural form of _____?

A

Galactose

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63
Q

It is however a component of lactose which is found in milk?

A

Galactose

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64
Q

Galactose is converted to ____ by the liver.

A

Glucose

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65
Q

The main carbohydrate source in commercial pet food is ____?

A

Starch

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66
Q

____ is found in cereal grains such as corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, and rice.

A

Starch

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67
Q

The body stores carbohydrates in the form of _____?

A

Glycogen

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68
Q

Polysaccharides is made up of?

A

Multiple simple sugars

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69
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A

Dietary fiber, starches, dextrins

70
Q

Generally a fiber’s solubility is related to its _____?

A

Fermentability

71
Q

_____ fibers are generally considered moderately or highly fermentable.

A

Soluble

72
Q

Fibers that are considered ____ add bulk to fecal matter and result in faster GI transient time.

A

Insoluble

73
Q

___ and ___ do not readily digest dietary fiber.

A

Cats and dogs

74
Q

Dietary fat may be referred to as ____?

A

Lipids

75
Q

Lipids are usually classified into one of three categories:

A

Simple lipids
Compound lipids
Derived lipids

76
Q

This simple lipid is the most common fat found in the diet

A

Triglycerides

77
Q

The three fatty acids:

A
  • Saturated
  • Monounsaturated
  • Polyunsaturated
78
Q

What is the difference in saturated fats, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

The number of double bonds between carbon atoms.

79
Q

Fat that has no double bonds?

A

Saturated

80
Q

Fat that has one double bond?

A

Monounsaturated

81
Q

Fat that has two or more double bonds?

A

Polyunsaturated

82
Q

Animal fats usually have more ____ than fats derived from plants?

A

Saturated fat

83
Q

The body’s favorite form of stored energy.

A

Fats

84
Q

Areas of storage for fats:

A
  • Under the skin
  • Around vital organs
  • Membranes surrounding the intestines
85
Q

Functions of fat:

A
  • The body’s favorite form of stored energy
  • Provides insulation
  • Protective layer against physical energy
  • Surrounds myelinated nerve fibers and helps with the transmission of nerve impulses
  • Phospholipids and glycolipids can be found in cell membranes
  • Protects the skin from water loss
  • Necessary for the breakdown of fat soluble vitamins (Vitamins A,D,E,K)
86
Q

Is used in making bile salts which are used in the digestion and absorption of fat.

A

Cholesterol

87
Q

Is considered to be a more digestible form of energy than that of protein and carbs?

A

Fat

88
Q

Functions of proteins:

A
  • Structural components
  • Role in regulating muscle action
  • Compose many hormones with homeostatic functions such as insulin and glycogen
  • Serve as carrier substances in the blood such as hemoglobin
  • Help acid-base regulation
89
Q

As long as ____ are present, the body can synthesize new proteins.

A

Amino acids

90
Q

There are ___ essential amino acids that have been identified.

A

10

91
Q

____ require a source of taurine in the diet.

A

Cats

92
Q

Which vitamin contains vetinol, retinal, and retinoid acid?

A

Vitamin A

93
Q

Vitamin that originates from carotenoids?

A

Vitamin A

94
Q

Provide the dark red pigments that give carrots and sweet potatoes their characteristics orange color

A

Carotenoids

95
Q

Vitamin A is stored where?

A

In the liver

96
Q

The main function of this vitamin is to regulate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

A

Vitamin D

97
Q

Main function of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

98
Q

Vitamin that is linked to linoleic acid?

A

Vitamin E

99
Q

Vitamin that plays an important role in clot formation.

A

Vitamin K

100
Q

In the life of dogs and cats, the period between __ to __ months is the most active time of growth.

A

3 to 6 months

101
Q

Orthopedic diseases that can develop include:

A

Osteochondrosis
Hypertrophic ostrodystrophy
Hip dysplasia

102
Q

____ breed dogs have a greater energy demand per body weight.

A

Small breed dogs

103
Q

The goal of ____ nutrition is usually to slow down the progression of aging and to help correct any age related factors.

A

Geriatrics nutrition

104
Q

Hyperkeratosis may also occur as a result of ____?

A

Aging

105
Q

___% of kidney function can be loss before clinical signs are evident in geriatrics.

A

75%

106
Q

Helps to lubricate joints by promoting healthy synovial fluid

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GACs)

107
Q

Helps to provide nutrients needed for tissue health and is thought to play a role in the regenerative ability of connective tissue and cartilage affected by osteoarthritis.

A

Glucosamine

108
Q

T/F: All meat diets are good for dogs and cats.

A

False. They lack complete nutrition such as deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, and certain minerals.

109
Q

What does ALARA mean?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

110
Q

Is a spot of white in the forehead?

A

Star

111
Q

Is a narrow strip of white down the face?

A

Strip

112
Q

Is a wide stripe of white down the face?

A

Blaze

113
Q

Is a spot of white on the muzzle?

A

Snip

114
Q

Is a white face extending across or including at least one eye and down on sides of face?

A

Bald face

115
Q

A reddish brown horse with reddish, brown or tan mane and tail. Legs are the same color as the body. Their legs may also have white markings.

A

Sorrel or Chestnut

116
Q

Chestnut horses run from very ____ to ____.

A

Light reddish brown to red or very dark liver color.

117
Q

A brown horse with black legs, mane, and tail. Body color runs from light brown, reddish brown to very dark brown, but legs, mane and tail are always black (they may also have white markings)?

A

Bay

118
Q

A very dark brown, almost black coat with lighter brown highlights on the muzzle, the flanks and inside the legs. Mane and tail are always black. They are hard to tell from dark bay.

A

Brown

119
Q

White horses are born what color?

A

White

120
Q

They have pink skin and usually blue or pink eyes?

A

White

121
Q

Horse that has white plus large patches of black, brown, chestnut or any other color?

A

Pinto

122
Q

Gray colored horses are born with what kind of skin?

A

Dark skin

123
Q

What color breed of horse does the hair become whiter with age until pure white.

A

Gray

124
Q

Gray horse that is nearly black?

A

Iron Gray

125
Q

Gray horse that has tiny flecks of black or brown?

A

Flea-bitten Gray

126
Q

Color or horse that is coal black without brown highlights

A

Black

127
Q

Color of horse that is yellow, reddish or brown, usually with darker legs, a dark stripe down the back, and a dark mane and tail?

A

Dun

128
Q

Color of horse that is a light to dark yellow dun with black mane and tail?

A

Buckskin

129
Q

Color of horse that has a golden body color with white mane and tail. Can be a light to vary dark gold color?

A

Palomino

130
Q

Color of horse that is a mixture of white hairs and one other color (chestnut, bay or black)?

A

Roan

131
Q

A chestnut roan is called a ____ or ____

A

Strawberry roan or red roan

132
Q

A black roan is called a?

A

Blue roan

133
Q

White extending to knee or hock?

A

Stocking

134
Q

Color marking that has white part of the way up the cannon bone?

A

Half stocking

135
Q

Color marking where white includes fetlock?

A

Sock or anklet

136
Q

Color marking where the white is to bottom of fetlock?

A

Pastern

137
Q

Color marking where there is a white ring around the coronet of hoof?

A

Coronet

138
Q

Color marking where there is a white spot on one heel?

A

Heel spot

139
Q

Color marking where there are black or colored spots in a white leg?

A

Ermine spots

140
Q

A man made scar left by a hot iron used to identify a horse with a special design. Usually hairless.

A

Brand

141
Q

A brand made by a cold instrument instead of heat. Causes the hair to grow in white (or the skin may be hairless) in the shape of the brand?

A

Freeze brand

142
Q

Left by injuries. May be hairless or hair may grow in white?

A

Scars

143
Q

What is an effective way to move hogs/pigs from one area to another?

A

Hog board

144
Q

Name a procedure in which using a flank rope/flanking might be a helpful form of restraint for a cow.

A
  • Helping a calve to nurse

- Treating a cow’s udder for mastitis

145
Q

What is a perceived advantage of using a lip chain vs. a twitch on a horse for restraint?

A

The lip chain only applies pressure when the horse performs an unacceptable behavior.

146
Q

Describe how a casting rope works.

A

A casting rope works by using pressure points and physics/gravity to cause the cow to lay down.

147
Q

Name an appropriate method that can be used to restrain a sheep for a hoof trim?

A

Rumping

148
Q

An enzyme that helps to breakdown starch?

A

Amylase

149
Q

Food is moved through the digestive system by muscular, wavelike movement referred to as?

A

Peristalsis

150
Q

What is meant by metabolizable energy?

A

The amount of tissue that can ultimately be used by the body and the body’s tissue.

151
Q

In what form are carbohydrates stored?

A

Glycogen

152
Q

T/F: The body uses proteins before carbohydrates for energy.

A

False

153
Q

What vitamins are known as the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

154
Q

Where are a horse’s bling spots?

A

Right in front and right behind.

155
Q

What year and who defined social communication as a process by which the behavior of an individual affects the behavior of others?

A

Altman, 1962

156
Q

Can be defined as a behavior that has a communication value but was originally developed for another purpose such as pawing, suckling, etc?

A

Redirected behavior

157
Q

According to ____, communication can be determined as the response of one animal to the signal sent out by another.

A

Manning and Dawkins

158
Q

Common locations of freeze branding?

A

The neck, shoulder, and the hip

159
Q

The area to be freeze branded should be ____, ____, and an alcohol wetting solution should be applied prior to branding.

A

Shaved, scrubbed

160
Q

The freeze branding iron usually contains a ___ stamp

A

Heavy copper

161
Q

A lip tattoo is usually located where?

A

On the buccal surface of the upper lip

162
Q

The ___ was the original go to brand for cattle and is still widely used today.

A

Hide brand/ hot brand

163
Q

Ear notching usually occurs at the time when?

A

The needle teeth are clipped

164
Q

____ has been the most common type of identification in swine.

A

Ear notching

165
Q

Other than the use of collars and tags, ____ is probably the most common form of identification for dogs and cats.

A

Microchip

166
Q

The microchip is inserted ____ with a special needle/applicator.

A

Subcutaneously

167
Q

Flight zone for tame cattle is usually __ ft.

A

5 to 25

168
Q

The essential fatty acid, _____, is a precursor for prostaglandins, prostacyclines, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.

A

Arachidonic acid

169
Q

____ is a necessary component for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins.

A

Fat

170
Q

A deficiency in this vitamin can result in ____?

A

Scurvy

Exam 1: Animal Handling (2 decks)

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