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Biochemistry 1 > Exam 1 - Biochem Intro > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Biochem Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry is the study of…

A

life at the molecular level

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2
Q

Experiments performed in glass - outside normal environment.

A

In Vitro

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3
Q

Experiments done in whole, living organisms.

Uses humans and other animals or plants.

A

In Vivo

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4
Q

Which type of study is difficult to control all variables.

A

In Vivo

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5
Q

Animals are under the _______ branch of the ________ tree of life.

A

Eukaryota

Phylogenetic (tree of life)

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6
Q

Highly organized network inside cell. Liquid portion called cytosol. Many biochemical processes occur here

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Produces 90% of energy for cell

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Produces lipids

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9
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes that make protein

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10
Q

Makes proteins from RER more specific & sorts them.

A

Golgi Complex

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11
Q

Contains digestive enzymes of cell

A

Lysosome

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12
Q

Contains oxidative enzymes to protect cell

A

Peroxisome

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13
Q

Less than ___ of 90 naturally occurring elements are essential for life.

A

30

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14
Q

Four lightest elements in order of the number of bonds they are able to form

A

H - 1
O - 2
N - 3
C - 4

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15
Q

The lightest elements form the _______ bonds.

A

Strongest

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16
Q

Four classes of biochemicals

A

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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17
Q

C = O

A

Carbonyl

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18
Q

OH

A

Hydroxyl (“O - H” attached to anything)

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19
Q

C = O
\
OH

A

Carbonyl + Hydroxyl = CARBOXYL

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20
Q

One carbon in the backbone + 3 H + R-group (what group)

A

Methyl

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21
Q

Two carbons in the backbone, connected to r group and surrounded with H(what group)

A

Ethyl

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22
Q

Add a hydroxyl to…

  • a “one-carbon” backbone
  • a “two-carbon backbone
A

Alcohol

Ethanol

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23
Q

Hexagon of carbons with 3 double bonds (what group)

A

Phenyl

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24
Q

Two-carbon backbone with two “O’s” (one double bonded) (what group)

A

Acetyl

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25
Q

N - H
\
H

A

Amino

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26
Q 
H
      I
R - C - H
      I
     H
A

Methyl

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27
Q 
H    H
      I      I
R - C - C - H
      I     I
     H   H
A

Ethyl

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28
Q 
O
            II
R - O - P - O
            I
           O
A

Phosphate

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29
Q

O
II
R - C - H

A

Aldehyde

carbonyl on end of molecule

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30
Q

O
II
H - C - H

A

Methanal

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31
Q

O
II
H3C - C - H
(group + group = compound)

A

Aldehyde + Ethyl = Ethanal

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32
Q

Carbonyl in the MIDDLE of the molecule

A

Keytone

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33
Q

O
II
R1 - C - R2

A

Keytone

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34
Q

Carbonyl and hydroxyl on the end of the molecule.

A

Carboxylic Acid

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35
Q

O
II
R - C - OH

A

Carboxylic Acid

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36
Q

When acid are _______, replace “ic” with “ate”

A

Ionized

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37
Q

Acid + Alcohol =

A

Ester

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38
Q

O
II
R - C - O - R’

A

Ester

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39
Q

Carbonyl & oxygen in the middle of the molecule.

A

Ester

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40
Q

Oxygen connecting two carbon chains

A

Ether

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41
Q

R - O - R

A

Ether

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42
Q

R - S - S - H

A

Disulfide

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43
Q

Two sulfur groups come together

A

Disulfide

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44
Q

R - S - H

A

Sulfhydryl (S - H)

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45
Q

R - C - S - R’
II
O

A

Thioester
C - S
II
O

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46
Q

Difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol

A

Primary - 2 carbons with “OH” on end
Secondary - 3 Carbons with “OH” on end
Tertiary - 4 Carbons with “OH” on end
(“C - OH” = Alcohol)

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47
Q

Difference between organic and inorganic.

A

Organic contain HYDROCARBONS

Inorganic does NOT

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48
Q

Two variations of an isomer

A

Structural Isomers
Stereoisomers
(slides 32-38)

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49
Q

Same formula, different order of attachment (isomers)

A

Structural Isomers

slides 32-38

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50
Q

Same formula and order of attachment, different 3D arrangement

A

Stereoisomers

slides 32-38

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51
Q

Two variations of stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers
Diastereomers
(slides 32-38)

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52
Q

NOT mirror image (stereoisomers)

A

Diastereomers

slides 32-38

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53
Q

Non superimposable mirror images (stereoisomers)

A

Enantiomers

slides 32-38

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54
Q

Two variations of diastereomers

A

Geometric Isomers
Epimers
(slides 32-38)

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55
Q

Different rotation around a double bond (diastereomers)

A

Geometric Isomers

slides 32-38

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56
Q

Different rotation around 1 carbon (diastereomers)

A

Epimers

slides 32-38

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57
Q

We produce energy through flow of _______ in _________-_________ reactions.

A

Electrons

Oxidation-Reduction

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58
Q

Unabsorbed material from the SI enters the LI through _________ ______

A

Ileocecal Valve

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59
Q

5 sections of LI

A 
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid
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60
Q

It takes ___ - ___ hours to pass material through LI

A

12 - 72 hours

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61
Q

Signals defecation reflexes

A

Rectum

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62
Q

Only hormone in LI

A

Motilin

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63
Q

Effect motion has on LI

A

Increases Motility

64
Q

LI contains more than ______ species of bacteria

A

> 1000

65
Q

_________ - good bacteria

_________ - food for good bacteria

A

Probiotics

Prebiotics

66
Q

_________ - foods that contain both pre- & probiotics

A

Synbiotics

67
Q

5 peptide hormones and their functions(s)

A 
Gastrin - Inc. HCI & IF releases; Inc. Motility
Secretin - Dec. Motility
CCK - Dec. Motility
GIP - Dec. Motility
Motilin - Inc. Motility
68
Q

What is digested in the mouth

A

Carbs & Lipids

69
Q

What is digested in the stomach

A

Lipids & Proteins

70
Q

What is digested in the SI

A

Carbs, Lipids & Proteins

71
Q

What is digested in the LI

A

None

72
Q

Enzyme secreted from the _____ are responsible for the majority of macronutrient digestion

A

Pancreas

73
Q

Where are brush border enzymes produced

A

SI

74
Q

Four methods of absorption

A

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis

75
Q

(Absorption method) crossing membrane freely, moving from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Passive diffusion

76
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses a _______ (________ ______) to cross cell membrane

A

Carrier (transport protein)

77
Q

Active Transport requires ________ & _______ expenditure (from ____)

A

Carrier & Energy (from ATP)

78
Q

Three types of endocytosis and their associations

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating) (“cell cheese”)
Pinocytosis (cell drinking) (“cells wine”)
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (binds to receptor before being engulfed by membrane)

79
Q

Which absorption method requires a carrier protein and concentration gradient?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

80
Q 
Daily average SI absorption:
Carbs - 
Lipids - 
Protein - 
Water -
A

carbs - 300g
lipids - 100g
protein - 50-100g
water - 7-8L

81
Q 
Capacity SI absorption:
Carbs -
Lipids - 
Protein -
Water -
A

carbs - 2kg
lipids - 500g
protein - 500-700g
water - 20L

82
Q

Following absorption, water-soluble nutrients pass through the _______ _____ to the _____ for uptake

A

Portal Vein

Liver

83
Q

Following absorption, fat-soluble nutrients travel through the ________ _______

A

Lymphatic System

84
Q

disorder or lack of organization

A

entropy

85
Q

Synthesis of large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids are _____________ unfavorable

A

THERMODYNAMICALLY unfavorable

86
Q

Endergonic =

A

Require Energy

87
Q

Exergonic =

A

Energy Releasing

88
Q

Overall, we want the sum of (delta)G to be

A

Negative

89
Q

Enzymes ______ _____ chemical reactions

A

Speed Up

90
Q

Consecutive reactions are called

A

Pathways

91
Q

Catabolic pathways are _______ _______

A

exergonic breakers

92
Q

Anabolic pathways are ________ _______

A

endergonic builders

93
Q

Catabolic + anabolic =

A

Metabolic

94
Q

Metabolic enzymes are highly _______

A

regulated

95
Q

Lose electron

A

oxidation

96
Q

oxidation is also called

A

dehydrogenation

97
Q

Oxidation and Reduction acronym

A

OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Losing
Reduction Is Gaining

98
Q

_______ alcohol cannot lose enough H to be oxidized

A

Tertiary Alcohol

99
Q

Oxidation reactions found in: (3)

A

Metabolism
Cancer
Aging

100
Q

Reduction is also known as

A

Hydrogenation

101
Q

__________/_________ - removal of water

A

Dehydration/Condensation

102
Q

With dehydration/condensation, water is the _________

A

Product

103
Q

_________ - reaction with water added

A

Hydrolysis

104
Q

With hydrolysis, water is the ________

A

Reactant

105
Q

_________ - Addition of CH3

A

Methylation

106
Q

Methylation is important for _____ and ________ modifications

A

(methylation important for)

DNA & Enzyme Modifications

107
Q

Methylation makes molecule ______ polar because of the addition of more _________

A

LESS polar

Hydrocarbons

108
Q

__________ - adding phosphate

A

Phosphorylation

109
Q

Gene that is not working in 90% of skin cancers and 50% of all other cancers

A

p53

110
Q

Human body is ~___% water by weight

A

~65%

111
Q

Typical cell is ___% water

A

70%

112
Q

Electronegativity:
H = ____
O = ____
EN difference = ____

A

H = 2.1
O = 3.5
EN difference = 1.4

113
Q

________ molecules (proteins & carbs) dissolve easily in water

A

Polar

114
Q

_________ molecules (lipids) cannot dissolve readily in water

A

Nonpolar

115
Q

________ bonds can occur in all compounds with polar bonds

A

Hydrogen Bonds

116
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important in the double helical structure of _____ and 3D folding of ________

A

DNA

Proteins

117
Q

H bonding only occurs when there is a donor and acceptor. Donor is usually either ______ (-___) or ______ (-___). Acceptor is usually either __ or __

A

Donors - Hydroxyl (-OH) or Amine (-NH)

Acceptors - O or N

118
Q

Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and compounds with __-__ bonds can bond with water, making them ______-_______

A

N-H

Water-Soluble

119
Q

Carbohydrates contain _____ groups

Proteins contain _____ and _____ groups

A

carbs - ALCOHOL groups

proteins - AMINO and ACID groups

120
Q

Charged molecules _______ readily in water

A

Dissolve

121
Q

Noncovalent interactions (4)

A

Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions
H Bonds
Van der Waals Interactions

122
Q

_________ - contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

A

Amphipathic

123
Q

Most common phospholipid in the body.

___% of all phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylcholine (50%)

124
Q

Phosphatidylcholine contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which makes it __________

A

Amphipathic

125
Q

Hydrogen bonds are ______ compared to other weak forces, but much _______ that true covalent bonds

A

Strong (compared to weak forces)

much WEAKER that true covalent bonds

126
Q

Hydrogen bonds between two compounds are stronger (with/without) water. Why?

A

Without

Water will H bond instead of compound

127
Q

Interaction between 2 uncharged compounds - Weakest of all the attractive forces

A

Van der Waals Interactions

128
Q

Van der Waals Interactions are also known as

A

London Dispersion Forces

129
Q

Hydrophobic molecules cluster together in a (polar/nonpolar) solution

A

Polar

130
Q

Strongest noncovalent interactions

A 
Electrostatic Interactions
(between ions)
131
Q

2nd strongest noncovalent interactions

A

H Bonds

between H and N or O - “Heck NO”

132
Q

pH is a measure of the ____ _______ _____

A

Free Hydrogen Ions (H+)

133
Q

pK -

A

The pH at which the acid or base has a tendency to lose a H

134
Q

Acids are proton (H+) _______
Bases are proton (H+) _______
(donors/acceptors)

A

Acids - proton (H+) DONORS

Bases - proton (H+) ACCEPTORS

135
Q

______ - can gain or lose 1 proton
______ - can gain or lose 2 protons
______ - can gain or lose 3 protons

A

Monoprotic
Diprotic
Triprotic

136
Q

______ _____ - bond between - and + charges
__________ _____ - bond between elements in compound
__________ _____ - “attractive forces” between compounds

A

Ionic Bond: - and +
INTRAmolecular Bond: element in compound
INTERmolecular Bond: “attractive forces” between compounds

137
Q

If pH is below pK -

If pH is above pK -

A

below pK - H still attached

above pK - H is lost

138
Q

Volatile acids -

Nonvolatile acids -

A

Volatile - can be turned into a gas & eliminated through lungs
Nonvolatile - cannot be turned into gas, must be eliminated through kidneys

139
Q

Most important volatile acid

A

Carbonic Acid

140
Q

Most important base in vivo

A

Bicarbonate

141
Q

Bicarbonate is primarily regulate by the ________

A

Kidneys

142
Q

Fruits and vegetables are (acidic/basic) in nature when metabolized

A

Basic

143
Q

Accumulation of acid or loss of base

A

Acidosis

144
Q

Accumulation of base or loss of acid

A

Alkalosis

145
Q

Anything that can reversibly bind protons

A

Buffer

146
Q

A buffer is usually a weak ______ and its conjugate ______

A

weak ACID and conjugate BASE

147
Q

_______ buffers control concentration of carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory

148
Q

Proteins can act as acid or base which makes them _________ _________

A

Amphoteric Buffers

149
Q

_______ buffers control concentration of H+

A

Renal Buffers

150
Q

Increase in CO2 causes pH to _______, which is known as respiratory ________

A

(pH) Decrease

Respiratory ACIDOSIS

151
Q

Decrease in CO2 causes pH to ________, which is know as respiratory _________.

A

(pH) Increase

Respiratory Alkalosis

152
Q

Metabolic acidosis is cause by any other mechanism other than increase CO2.
It is usually due to loss of _________ or excessive _________ ______.

A

(loss of) Bicarbonate

(excessive) Nonvolatile Acids

153
Q

Metabolic alkalosis is usually do to excessive __________

A

Bicarbonate

154
Q

(vitamins/minerals)
________ - organic
________ - inorganic

A

Vitamins - Organic

Mineral - Inorganic

155
Q

Least bias form of analysis

A

Meta-analysis

156
Q

Most bias form of analysis

A

Expert Opinion

157
Q

Of the forms of analysis, which two are filtered summaries?

A

Meta-analysis

Systematic Reviews

Biochemistry 1 (5 decks)

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