Exam 1: Cardiovascular (2)

Question 1

What do lesions in the heart cause?

Answer 1

Decrease cardiac output

Question 2

DEFINE: CARDIAC OUTPUT

Answer 2

DEPENDENT UPON STROKE VOLUME AND HEART RATE

Question 3

DEFINE: STROKE VOLUME

Answer 3

DEPENDENT UPON MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY, PRELOAD, AND AFTERLOAD

Question 4

WHAT NEUROHORMONAL MECHANISMS ARE ACTIVATED WITH DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT?

Answer 4

Question 5

WHAT CAUSES HYPERTROPHY?

Answer 5

HYPERTROPHY IS DUE TO INCREASE IN CONTRACTILE MYOFILAMENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL CELLS
MINIMAL INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS
A COMPENSATORY RESPONSE TO AN INCREASE IN MECHANICAL WORK OR TO TROPHIC SIGNALS

Question 6

CHRONIC PRESSURE OVERLOAD LEADS TO

Answer 6

HYPERTROPHY

Question 7

CHRONIC PRESSURE OVERLOAD =

Answer 7

AFTERLOAD

Question 8

CHRONIC VOLUME OVERLOAD LEADS TO

Answer 8

VENTRICULAR DILATION AND HYPERTROPHY

Question 9

CHRONIC VOLUME OVERLOAD =

Answer 9

PRELOAD

Question 10

WHAT ARE THE ANATOMIC/PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PATHOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY?

Answer 10

IN PATHOLOGIC STATES, HYPERTROPHY IS AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF LIMITED BENEFIT
MYOCYTES = IMPAIRED INTRINSIC CONTRACTILITY
IMPAIRED VENTRICULAR RELAXATION
DECREASED COMPLIANCE
AT SOME POINT, THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE BECOMES PART OF THE PROBLEM

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

WHAT IS THE PATHOGENESIS OF CONCENTRIC CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY?

Answer 12

Question 13

WHAT IS THE PATHOGENESIS OF ECCENTRIC CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY?

Answer 13

Question 14

WHAT IS THE PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIAC DILATION

Answer 14

FRANK STARLING: AS A MYOCYTE STRETCHES, THE CONTRACTILE FORCE IS INCREASED - TO A POINT
WITH EXCESSIVE STRETCH, CONTRACTILE STRENGTH IS DECREASED
ACUTE VOLUME OVERLOAD OF A CHAMBER LEADS TO DILATION
CHRONIC VOLUME OVERLOAD LEADS TO CARDIAC DILATION AND HYPERTROPHY

Question 15

WHAT ARE THE 2 BASIC MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC EDEMA?

Answer 15

Question 16

HOW IS EDEMA DISTRIBUTED WITH RIGHT SIDED CARDIAC LESIONS?

Answer 16

Question 17

HOW IS EDEMA DISTRIBUTED WITH LEFT SIDED CARDIAC LESIONS?

Answer 17

Question 18

WHAT DOES HEART FAILURE ULTIMATELY RESULT FROM?

Answer 18

ALL COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED
HEART IS UNABLE TO MEET THE DEMANDS OF THE ANIMAL

Question 19

WHAT IS HEART FAILURE CHARACTERIZED BY?

Answer 19

DIMINISHED CARDIAC OUTPUT (“FORWARD FAILURE”) OR DAMMING BACK OF BLOOD IN THE VENOUS SYSTEM (“BACKWARD FAILURE”)
COMMONLY BOTH

Question 20

WHAT CAUSES ACUTE HEART FAILURE?

Answer 20

INTERMITTENT WEAKNESS AND SYCOPE
CAUSED BY A SUBSTANTIAL HANGE IN HR OR RHYTHM, RESULTING IN A PRECIPITOUS DROP IN CO

Question 21

PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE L OR R VENTRICULAR FORWARD FAILURE

Answer 21

Question 22

WHAT CAUSES ACUTE LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE?

Answer 22

Question 23

WHAT CAUSES ACUTE RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE?

Answer 23

Question 24

DEFINE: COR PULMONALE

Answer 24

RIGHT HEART FAILURE SECONDARY TO PULMONARY DISEASE DUE TO:
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
DIROFILARIASIS
PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 25

WHAT DOES ACUTE BIVENTRICULAR FAILURE ULTIMATELY RESULT IN? WHAT CAUSES IT?

Answer 25

Question 26

WHAT CAUSES CHRONIC/CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE?

Answer 26

Question 27

WHERE DOES BACKUP OCCUR IN RIGHT V LEFT SIDED CHF?

Answer 27

Question 28

PATHOGENESIS/CLINICAL SIGNS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR BACKWARD FAILURE

Answer 28

Question 29

HISTOLOGY OF LEFT VENTRICULAR BACKWARD FAILURE

Answer 29

Question 30

PATHOGENESIS/CLINICAL SIGNS OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR BACKWARD FAILURE?

Answer 30

Question 31

WHAT IS CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE CHARACTERIZED BY?

Answer 31

VASCULAR CONGESTION AN EDEMA FLUID WITHIN THE INTERSTITIUM OF TISSUES AND BODY CAVITIES
NOT ALL CASES OF HEART FAILURE ARE OF THE CONGESTIVE TYPE

Question 32

WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL SIGNS OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Answer 32