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Anatomy > Exam 1 (Lectures 1-8) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Lectures 1-8) Flashcards

1
Q

An axis is a straight line. Name the 3 axes of the body.

A

1) Cranio-caudual 2) Anterior-posterior 3) Left-right

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2
Q

This is the axis of rotation for medial and lateral rotation.

A

Cranio-caudal

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3
Q

This is the axis of rotation for abduction and adduction.

A

Anterior-posterior

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4
Q

This is the axis of rotation for flexion and extension.

A

Left-right

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5
Q

A plane is formed by two intersecting axes. Name the 3 planes of the body.

A

1) Median (sagittal; midsagittal; parasagittal) 2) Frontal 3) Transverse

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6
Q

This plane consists of the cranio-caudal axis + anterior-posterior axis.

A

Median (sagittal; midsagittal; parasagittal)

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7
Q

This plane consists of the cranio-caudal axis + left-right axis.

A

Frontal (coronal)

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8
Q

This plane consists of the anterior-posterior axis + left-right axis.

A

Transverse (cross-section)

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9
Q

What is Terminologia Anatomica and how does it relate to our use of anatomy?

A

It determines what terms are still in use and what not acceptable to use today.

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10
Q

Auscultation deals with _______ to the body.

A

Listening

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11
Q

Palpation deals with ______ the body.

A

Touching

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12
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

Integument (skin)

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13
Q

What the 3 main layers of the integument?

A

1) Epidermis 2) Basement membrane 3) Dermis

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14
Q

The epidermis is made up of what kind of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous

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15
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ______ _____, and is the area of high mitotic activity.

A

Stratum basale (germinativum)

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16
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______ ______ and the cells in this layer are dead and keratinized.

A

Stratum corneum

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17
Q

The deepest region of the integument is the ______ and is classified as dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Dermis

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18
Q

The dermis has an abundance of _______ fibers and some _______ fibers that decrease with age.

A

Collagen; Elastic

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19
Q

The epidermis is (avascular/vascular) and the dermis is (avascular/vascular).

A

Avascular; Vascular

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20
Q

The epidermis is (innervated/not innervated).

A

Innervated

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21
Q

The dermis consists of 2 layers called the…

A

1) Papillary layer (closest to epidermis) 2) Reticular layer

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22
Q

This layer of the dermis is made up of loose connective tissue and a network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries.

A

Papillary layer

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23
Q

This layer of the dermis is made up of dense irregular connective tissue and includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes.

A

Reticular layer

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24
Q

This type of skin is well-formed, found only on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet and has no hair follicles.

A

Thick skin

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25
Q

This type of skin is not well-formed and found over the rest of the body.

A

Thin skin

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26
Q

The integument sits on a connective tissue layer referred to by a variety of names:

A

Superficial fascia (subcutaneous fascia, hypodermis, SubQ)

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27
Q

The superficial fascia consists of loose bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with variably sized aggregations of ______.

A

Lipocytes (adipocytes; fat cells)

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28
Q

The superficial fascia could be (tightly/loosely) attached and supports cutaneous _____ and _____ _____.

A

Both; Nerves; Blood vessels

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29
Q

This is tightly adherent to muscles, bones, tendons, etc. and is usually made of several thin layers of tough collagen material.

A

Deep fascia (Membranous fascia; Investing fascia)

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30
Q

Glands are _______ structures and are classified according to the presence or absence of a secretory duct, which are respectively called…

A

Epithelial; Exocrine; Endocrine

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31
Q

Hairs and nails also contain…

A

Glands

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32
Q

These glands are long, simple, and tubular. Their method of secretion is merocrine or apocrine.

A

Sudoriferous glands

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33
Q

In (merocrine/apocrine) secretion, it is thin and watery and the secretion cell is not damaged in the process.

A

Merocrine

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34
Q

In (merocrine/apocrine) secretion, it is thicker and more viscous and has adrenergic innervation. Apical cytoplasm is released along with secretory product.

A

Apocrine

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35
Q

This type of secretion is found in the labia majora, areola, and axillary and anal regions. It remains inactive until puberty.

A

Apocrine

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36
Q

These type of glands are holocrine and are associated with hair follicles.

A

Sebaceous glands

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37
Q

In _______ secretion, it is thick and the secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion.

A

Holocrine

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38
Q

These type of glands are located in the external auditory canal and secrete ear wax.

A

Ceruminous glands

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39
Q

These glands are modified sweat glands and use both merocrine and apocrine secretion.

A

Mammary glands

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40
Q

In mammary glands, the ______ components are released via merocrine secretion, and the _____ component are released via apocrine secretion.

A

Protein; Lipid

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41
Q

Hairs develop during ___ month of gestation.

A

3rd

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42
Q

The earliest fine embryonic hair is called the ______. It is shed before birth except around eyebrows, scalp, and eyelids.

A

Lanugo

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43
Q

A new downy coat of hair appear a few months before birth called…

A

Vellus

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44
Q

Vellus is converted to terminal hair at ______.

A

Puberty

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45
Q

The hair shaft is made up of (dead/alive) cornified epidermal cells.

A

Dead

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46
Q

Hair follicles are derived from both the ______ and _____.

A

Epidermis; Dermis

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47
Q

This makes hairs “stand up”.

A

Arrector pili muscle

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48
Q

Hair follicles are (innervated/not innervated).

A

Innervated

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49
Q

Hairs are found everywhere except…

A

Palms; Soles; Dorsal distal phalanges; Anal and urogenital apertures

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50
Q

This part of the nail is modified stratum corneum, flattened, avascular and not innervated, and travels over a nail bed guided by lateral nail grooves.

A

Ungis

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51
Q

This type of cell is found in deep layers of epidermis and derived from nervous system components.

A

Melanocytes

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52
Q

This type of cell is derived from monocytes, are antigen-presenting cells and are primarily in stratum spinosum. Contain Birbeck granules (contain proteins involved in the uptake and delivery of antigens)

A

Langerhans cells (AKA dendritic cells)

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53
Q

These types of cells are mechanoreceptors, and may also act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells. Usually in stratum germinativum. Contain catecholamine-like granules.

A

Merkel cells

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54
Q

These represent tension lines created by orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin. Used for surgeons as guides for incisions.

A

Langer’s lines

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55
Q

These are surfaces of the cells that are in contact with a lumen or external environment.

A

Apical domains

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56
Q

These include the surfaces of cells that are locked together by special junction complexes with neighboring cells as well as the surface opposite the apical domain that is in contact with the basal lamina.

A

Basolateral domains

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57
Q

Epithelial tissues sit on top of a basement membrane. Basement membrane consists of 2 components:

A

1) Basal lamina (next to the epithelial layer) 2) Reticular lamina (in contact with underlying connective tissue)

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58
Q

Name some of the surface modifications on the apical domains of the outermost cell layer in epithelium.

A

Cilia; Stereocilia; Microvilli (brush border)

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59
Q

Epithelium may also be classified according to the presence or absence of keratin. Lightly keratinized can be found in the ______ or ______. Heavily keratinized can be found in the _______.

A

Esophagus; Vagina; Epidermis

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60
Q

What makes pseudostratified epithelium appear stratified?

A

The nuclei occupy different levels, but all cells are still in contact with the basal lamina.

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61
Q

This is a region of transition from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium and is a frequent site for cancer.

A

Esophageal-stomach epithelial transition zone

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62
Q

This type of CT functions to resist distortion, is compressible, absorbs shock in joints, reduces friction in movable joints, necessary for endochondral bone growth, and is involved in bone fracture repair.

A

Cartilage

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63
Q

This type of CT is made from chrondroblasts, maintained by chondrocytes, and contains type II collagen fibers in its extracellular matrix as well as GAGs (ground substance).

A

Cartilage

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64
Q

Connective tissue is made up of what 3 specific protein fibers?

A

Collagen; Elastic; Reticular

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65
Q

The prefixes for the 3 cell types involved in CT matrix formation and maintenance are…

A

Chondro-

Fibro-

Osteo-

66
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by a connective tissue ________. This contains an outer fibrous layer and has fibroblasts, as well as an inner chondrogenic layer that gives rise to chondroblasts which become chondrocytes.

A

Perichondrium

67
Q

Cartilage is ________, which makes it very slow to heal, and the nutrients and oxygen are derived from blood vessels that surround the cartilage and must diffuse through the matrix to the cells.

A

Avascular

68
Q

Cartilage has 3 major classes, which are:

A

1) Hyaline cartilage
2) Elastic cartilage
3) Fibrocartilage

69
Q

This type of cartilage is within the ears, nose, other movable joint surfaces, and articular ends of bones.

A

Hyaline cartilage

70
Q

This type of cartilage is within parts of the larynx and epiglottis, as well as the auricle (pinna) of the ear (the outside part you see).

A

Elastic cartilage

71
Q

This type of cartilage is within less movable joints, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and insertion of some tendons and ligaments.

A

Fibrocartilage

72
Q

Cartilage does NOT become bone, it is _______ by bone.

A

Replaced

73
Q

What 3 things can be found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulfate (GAG)

Collagen fibers

Proteoglycans

74
Q

The cells of cartilage, chondroblasts and chondrocytes, are located within _______. These are pockets within the matrix.

A

Lacunae

75
Q

This is the most common type of cartilage. It contains type II collagen fibers and appears translucent, bluish to gray white. (Think of KFC)

A

Hyaline cartilage

76
Q

Cartilage tends to develop in regions of (low/high) oxygen; while bone develops in regions of (low/high) oxygen.

A

Low; High

77
Q

The articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covering the ends of long bones does not possess a _________, so it cannot be repaired or replaced if it is damaged. It deteriorates due to aging or pathological processes (i.e., arthritis)

A

Perichondrium

78
Q

Within cartilage, there can be ______ groups, which are groups of 2-8 chondrocytes occupying the same lacunae as a result of mitotic division. The cells will become separated as they begin to lay down matrix of their own.

A

Isogenous

79
Q

Within a cartilage matrix, there is a ________ matrix and __________ matrix that surrounds it.

A

Territorial matrix; Inter-territorial matrix

80
Q

The _______ matrix surrounds each chondrocyte, and has high GAG content and low collagen content (Newest matrix).

A

Territorial

81
Q

The ___________ matrix surrounds the territorial matrix and has low GAG content and high collagen content (Older matrix).

A

Inter-territorial

82
Q

This type of cartilage is specialized by the addition of elastic fibers to the matrix.

A

Elastic cartilage

83
Q

This type of cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium, has a yellow color, is more opaque and flexible than hyaline cartilage.

A

Elastic cartilage

84
Q

In elastic cartilage, the chondrocytes are mostly located (alone/in groups) and contaings (Type I/Type II) collagen plus elastic fibers.

A

Alone; Type II

85
Q

This type of cartilage has an increased amount of collagen in the matrix, has reduced cellularity compared to the other types, and is NOT surrounded by perichondrium.

A

Fibrocartilage

86
Q

Fibrocartilage appears opaque, has single sparse chondrocytes, and contains (Type I/Type II) collagen.

A

Type I

87
Q

The matrix of bone consists of 2 major componenents which are:

A

1) Osteoid
2) Hydroxyapatite

88
Q

Bone tissue is based on a ________ system. It is (vascular/avascular) and found in close proximity to capillaries.

A

Canalicular; Vascular

89
Q

Increase in bone length occurs through appositional growth of a _______ cartilage model.

A

Hyaline

90
Q

Bone is formed by _________ which become ________.

A

Osteoclasts; Osteocytes

91
Q

There are 3 types of bone tissue, and they are classified based on the development and arrangement of the matrix. They are:

A

1) Woven bone
2) Spongy bone
3) Compact bone

92
Q

This type of bone occurs during bone development and bone repair. It’s produced rapidly, has a haphazard collagen foundation, and has less structural integrity.

A

Woven bone

93
Q

This type of bone is also called lamellar bone. Its bone matrix is organized into layers called laminae, and these layers may be flattened and parallel. They may also be concentric and parallel around a central canal (These canals are called ______ canals).

A

Compact bone; Haversian canals

94
Q

This type of bone is also called trabecular or cancellous bone. It has a 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bones and flat bones.

A

Spongy bone

95
Q

These types of bones have a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses (ends). Examples are the femur, ulna, phalanges, and metacarpals.

A

Long bones

96
Q

The tarsals and carpals are this type of bone.

A

Short bones

97
Q

The ribs, sternum, scapulae, and cranial bones are all this type of bone.

A

Flat bones

98
Q

Vertebrae and the sacrum are this type of bone.

A

Irregular bones

99
Q

The patella is this type of bone.

A

Sesamoid bone

100
Q

In a long bone, the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end) are separated by a growth plate (called the ________ plate, or ________ line in adults).

A

Epiphyseal; Epiphyseal

101
Q

This is the outer fibrous connective tissue covering of bone, and is continuous with CT coverings of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

A

Periosteum

102
Q

Bones can have depressions and markings, processes forming joints, and processes for attachments. Collectively these are called bone _______.

A

Markings

103
Q

The 2 major mechanisms for bone development are:

A

1) Membrane bone formation
2) Endochondral bone formation

104
Q

This is the area where two bones come together.

A

Joint

105
Q

There 3 classifications of joints, which are:

A

1) Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
2) Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
3) Synovial joints (diarthroses)

106
Q

In cartilaginous joints, they are joined by either _______ or ______ cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage; Hyaline

107
Q

Cartilaginous joints have 2 subgroups, which are ________ and _______.

A

Symphysis; Synchondrosis

108
Q

Symphysis cartilaginous joints are made up of what type of cartilage? And can be found in the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

A

Fibrocartilage

109
Q

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joints are made of what type of cartilage? And they make up the epiphyseal plate and first sternocostal joint.

A

Hyaline cartilage

110
Q

In this type of joint, the bones are joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous tissue.

A

Fibrous joints

111
Q

There 3 subgroups of fibrous joints, which are:

A

1) Suture
2) Gomphosis
3) Syndesmosis

112
Q

This type of fibrous joint can be found between bones of calvaria (skull cap).

A

Sutures

113
Q

This type of fibrous joint can be found in a “peg-in-a-socket” or teeth in alveoli.

A

Gomphosis

114
Q

This type of fibrous joint can be found in interosseous membranes.

A

Syndesmosis

115
Q

This type of joint has many subgroups and allows for a much wider range of motion that other types of joints.

A

Synovial joint

116
Q

This type of synovial joint can be defined as uniaxial, and found in the knee and elbow.

A

Hinge

117
Q

This type of synovial joint can be defined as uniaxial, can be found in the radioulnar and atlantoaxial (neck) area.

A

Pivot

118
Q

This type of synovial joint can be considered biaxial, and is found in the metacarpophalangeal and atlantooccipital areas.

A

Condyloid

119
Q

This type of synovial joint is considered biaxial and can be found in the first carpometacarpal joint.

A

Saddle (sellaris)

120
Q

This type of synovial joint is considered triaxial, and can be found in the glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints.

A

Ball-and-socket

121
Q

This type of synovial joint is considered non-axial, and can be found in the sternoclavicular, scapuloclavicular, and zygapophyses joints.

A

Plane joints

122
Q

This connects muscle to bone.

A

Tendons

123
Q

This connects bone to bone.

A

Ligaments

124
Q

Tendons and ligaments are formed by densely packed bundles of _______ fibers. The fibers and matrix are formed by ______ and maintained by _______.

A

Collagen; Fibroblasts; Fibrocytes

125
Q

The hierarchial structure of tendons and ligaments includes each collagen fiber being surrounded by the ______________. Then fascicle consists of a bundle of collagen fibers, which is surrounded ____________. Finally, the tendon or ligament consists of a bundle of fascicles and is surrounded by __________.

A

Endotendineum; Peritendineum; Epitendineum

126
Q

These joints can also be referred to as monaxial. It allows movement through one plane and around on axis. Ligaments are located on the medial and lateral edges (collateral ligaments) of the joint surface, and is named based on its location. (i.e., hinge joints and pivot joints)

A

Uniaxial joints

127
Q

This type of joint allows movement in two planes and around two axes. They allow both abduction/adduction and extension/flexion. (i.e., ellipsoid (condyloid) joint, and saddle joint)

A

Biaxial joints

128
Q

This type of joint allows movement in all three planes and around all three axes. Movements allowed inclucde extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction. (i.e., Ball-and-socket joint)

A

Triaxial joints

129
Q

This type of joint consists of relatively flat surfaces which slide over one another. Sometimes can also be classified as triaxial. (i.e., plane joints)

A

Nonaxial joints

130
Q

Within muscles, a _______ is a response to a stimulus.

A

Contraction

131
Q

The 2 types of contractions are: _______, which means the length of the muscle does NOT change, and ________, which means the length of the muscle does change.

A

Isometric (think “single metric, one length”)

Isotonic

132
Q

In an isotonic muscle contraction, the muscle can get shorter (concentric/eccentric) or the muscle can get longer (concentric/eccentric).

A

Concentric; Eccentric (Think “ECCtension” cord, long)

133
Q

When the muscle contracts, it pulls toward the ______, exerting equal force on attachments on both ends in an atempt to pull them toward each other.

A

Middle

134
Q

In relation to muscles, the _______ is the muscle doing the desired action.

A

Agonist

135
Q

The _______ is the muscle that opposes the agonist.

A

Antagonist

136
Q

The ________ is the muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist.

A

Synergist

137
Q

The _______ is the muscle that stabilizes the base of attachment of the agonist.

A

Fixator

138
Q

These are muscles that cross only one joint.

A

Unijoint

139
Q

These are muscles that cross more than one joint.

A

Multijoint

140
Q

The inability of a multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously is called…

A

Insufficiency

141
Q

Active insufficiency refers to the (agonist/antagonist) and passive insufficiency refers to the (agonist/antagonist).

A

Agonist; Antagonist

142
Q

Agonist (mover) muscle is a mover when its contraction contributes to the desired movement of a joint. Agonists are classifed as ______ movers and _______ movers.

A

Prime; Assistant

143
Q

The ______ mover is a muscle whose primary function is to cause the particular movement, and one which makes a strong contribution to that movement.

A

Prime

144
Q

An ________ mover has the ability to assist in the movement but is only of secondary importance to the movement.

A

Assistant

145
Q

Fixator muscles will stabilize the segment (bone) on which another segment (bone) moves. When a muscle acts as a fixator, it usually contracts (isometrically/isotonically).

A

Isometrically

146
Q

Synergistic muscles nullify one or more actions of another muscle. A pure synergist (neutralizer) will cause the (same/opposite) motion of the prime mover without assisting in the movement.

A

Opposite

147
Q

Multi-joint muscle is one that extends across more than one joint and potentailly can contribute to movement at each joint that it crosses. Multi-joint muscles do not allow complete range of motion in all joints (at the same time/ at different times).

A

At the same time

148
Q

Muscles that pass anterior to the axis of a joint are ________. These can shorten to about 1/2 of total length. (i.e., deltoid, biceps)

A

Flexors

149
Q

Muscles that pass posterior to the axis of a joint are _______. (i.e., deltoid, triceps)

A

Extensors

150
Q

Muscles that pass lateral to a joint are ________. (i.e., deltoid)

A

Abductors

151
Q

(Active/Passive) insufficiency is the diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension. One-joint muscles are arranged so this won’t occur.

A

Active

152
Q

(Active/Passive) insufficiency occurs when the inactive antagonist muscle is of insufficient length to allow a force to complete the full range of motion available. Mostly applies to multi-joint muscles.

A

Passive

153
Q

The 3 types of muscle tissue includes:

A

1) Smooth
2) Skeletal (striated)
3) Cardiac

154
Q

This type of muscle tissue is also referred to as striated or voluntary. It is typically attached directly or indirectly to the skeletal system.

A

Skeletal muscle

155
Q

This type of muscle tissue is also referred to as visceral or involuntary. It is not striated, and has spindle-shaped mononucleated cells with centrally located nuclei. Most commonly associated with viscera, especially the gut tube and other hollow structures.

A

Smooth muscle

156
Q

This type of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary. Found only in the heart, it consists of chains of individual cells that are both mononucleated and striated. It also contains specialized intercellular junctions called intercalated discs.

A

Cardiac muscle

157
Q

This type of muscle tissue is associated with pharyngeal arches. Although not technically its own category of muscle tissue, it is different in that it’s somewhat of a transition between smooth and striated muscle tissue. It’s innervated by cranial nerves.

A

Branchiomeric muscle

158
Q

This proximal attachment of muscle, may be fixed with regard to movement.

A

Origin

159
Q

This distal attachment of muscle, is usually more movable.

A

Insertion

160
Q

These are flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons.

A

Aponeuroses

161
Q

Myofilaments are made up of _____ and ______ that have an attach-swivel-release cycle that allow them to slide along one another in opposite directions. This produces contraction (“Sliding filament theory”).

A

Actin; Myosin

Anatomy (4 decks)

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