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Parasitology > Exam 1 (new + old/last semester) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (new + old/last semester) Flashcards

1
Q

What parasite has LC with parasitic and free-living generations?

A

Strongyloides (threadworms)

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2
Q

Parasites with direct LC; infection by ingestion of eggs containing infective larvae

A

Trichuris (whipworm)

Ascaris, Toxocara (ascarids)

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3
Q

Parasites with direct LC; infection by skin penetration by or ingestion of L3

A

Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Strongyloides
Uncinaria (hookworm)

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4
Q

Parasite with direct LC + transplacental transmission of larvae

A

Toxocara canis

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5
Q

Parasite with direct LC + transmammary transmission of larvae

A

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)
Strongyloides
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati

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6
Q

Indirect LC using IH

A

Dracunculus
Spirurid stomach worms
Metastrongyle lungworms

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7
Q

Indirect LC using paratenic host

A

Toxocara canis
Baylisascaris procyonis
Dioctophyme (giant kidney worm)

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8
Q

Indirect LC with transmission of L3 by arthropod

A

Dirofilaria

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9
Q

What Dx method would you use for lungworm larvae passed in feces

A

Baermann funnel

Zinc sulfate flotation

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10
Q

T/F

filiarial worms shed larvae

A

False

They shed living embryos

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11
Q

What is special about Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the DH?

A

“larval leak” phenomenon

Low level, continuous reactivation of L3 in tissue, which enter intestine and mature

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12
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichuris vulpis?

A

eggs shed in feces –> iL1 –> ingestion

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13
Q

How is Physaloptera spp. transmitted?

A

Stomach worm

grasshoppers, crickets, beetles (IH) –> frogs, rattlesnakes, rodents (PH) –> ingest PH

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14
Q

How is Spirocerca lupi transmitted?

A 
Stomach worm
Dung beetle (IH) --> numerous PH (bird, lizard, rodent)
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15
Q

What parasites are found using a Baermann funnel?

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Dictyocaulus viviparous

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16
Q

Name the amebae we are responsible for

A

Naegleri fowleri
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba invadens

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17
Q

Name the Hemoflagellates we are responsible for

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma equiperdum
Trypanosoma evansi
Leishmania donovani

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18
Q

Name the Mucosoflagellates we are responsible for

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

Giardia lambia

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19
Q

Name the Ciliates we are responsible for

A

Balantidium spp
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Cryptocaryon irritans

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20
Q

What tissues can amebae invade extra-intestinal?

A

CNS
Liver
Lung

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21
Q

What protozoa class can humans serve as a reservoir for other animals?

A

Amebae

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22
Q

If a dog is presenting with signs of amebae infection and you don’t get a positive detection on fecal floatation, why might this be and what should you do?

A

Intermittent shedding

Do fecal exam every other day (3 samples total) before assuming negative

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23
Q

What should you use as a flotation solution for amebae?

A

ZnSO4 flotation

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24
Q

What is the tx for amebae infection?

A

Metronidazole

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25
Q

What is the most classic clinical sign for amebic dysentery?

A

Mild - severe diarrhea (bloody mucus)

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26
Q

What parasites may be seen in dogs in association with whipworms (Trichuris)?

A

Entamoeba hystolitica

Balantidium coli

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27
Q

Name the DH for Entamoebae hystolitica and E. invadens

A

E. hystolitica - dog, cat, human, primate

E. invadens - reptiles

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28
Q

What is the disease caused by Naegleria fowleri?

A

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

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29
Q

What is the tx for Naegleria fowleri?

A

Amphotericin B (some success)

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30
Q

What flagellate only has the trophozoite stage?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

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31
Q

What is the structure that gives rise to the flagellum? What group of flagellates is it common to have one large one?

A

Kinetosome

Hemoflagellates

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32
Q

What is the structure that supports the flagella?

A

Axostyle

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33
Q

T/F

Hemoflagellates are easy to dx

A

False

B/c of small size of dx stage and clinical signs mimic many other diseases

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34
Q

What are the four morphologic types of hemoflagellates?

A

Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Amastigote

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35
Q

How many nuclei do amebic trophs have compared to cysts?

A

Trophozoites - 1

Cysts - 4

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36
Q 
Where are the following located:
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Amastigote
A

Promastigote – gut of vector
Epimastigote – gut of vector
Trypomastigote – blood
Amastigote – host tissue

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37
Q

What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Reduviid bug

38
Q 
Which of the following do not divide?
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Amastigote
A

Trypomastigote

39
Q

What are 6 routes of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  1. ingest reduviid bug and/or bug feces
  2. infected feces enters abrasion
  3. transplacental
  4. transmammary
  5. transfer from infected individual to another via cut or abrasion
  6. blood transfusion
40
Q

What kind of protozoa is T. cruzi? Be specific

A

Hemoflagellate

41
Q

What stage is T. cruzi missing in the lifecycle out of the 4 morphology mentioned?

A

Promastigote

42
Q

What is the infective stage for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

metacyclic trypomastigote

43
Q

What causes megaesophagus and megacolon with T. cruzi?

A

damage to the myenteric plexus

44
Q

What is the only drug available in the U.S. for tx of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Nifurtimox

45
Q

What parasite causes Dourine in horses, donkey’s, and mules? What kind of dz is this?

A

Trypanosoma equiperdum

Venereal dz

46
Q

What two countries can you find both T. cruzi and T. equiperdum?

A

South America

Central America

47
Q

What are the two stages of dourine? How can you tell?

A

Acute
- swelling of genetalia w/ mucoid discharge (contains trypomastigotes)

Chronic
- emaciation
- Anemia
- Paresis
- Abortion
DEATH
48
Q

What happens when the acute phase of dourine subsides? Hint: it is pathognomonic

A

circular plaques appear in skin –> disappear and replaced by additional plaques

49
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma evansi cause? What domestic species?

A

Surra

Dog, cat, horse, cattle, llama, mules

50
Q

Are any of the Trypanosoma spp. in the united states?

A

T. cruzi has been found in SE U.S.

Not the others

51
Q

What is the vector for Trypanosoma evansi?

A 
Tsetse (Africa)
Stable flies (Asias and Americas)
52
Q

What is the mode of transmission for T. equiperdum?

A

Venereal

53
Q

What parasite(s) can interfere with dx of T. cruzi and T. equiperdum?

A

T. equiperdum – T. evansi

T. cruzi – T. evansi, Leishmania

54
Q

What are 3 differential dx for T. evansi?

A

Equine viral arteritis
Equine infectious anemia
African horse sichness

55
Q

Explain tx/control of Trypanosoma evansi

A

Same medication as T. equiperdum (Suramin, Diminazine, etc)
Severity of clinical signs determines if tx is needed
Resistance is developing to drugs
On list of notifiable dz: World Organization of Animal Health

56
Q

How does Trypanosoma evansi evade the immune system?

A 
Antigenic switching (antigenic variation + modulation)
- expression of variable surface glycoproteins
57
Q

What is the vector for Leishmania donovani?

A

Sandflies

58
Q 
Leishmania donovani have all except:
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
Amastigote
A

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

59
Q

What is the diagnostic stage for Leishmania?

A

Amastigote

60
Q

What is the infective stage for Leishmania donovani?

A

Promastigote

61
Q

What type of lesions predominate in dogs infected with Leishmania?

A

Skin lesions

62
Q

What is the best tx for Leishmania donovani?

A

Pentavalent antimonials

  • Meglumine antimoniate
  • Na stibogluconate
63
Q

How is L. donovani transmitted?

A

Promastigotes are injected into the skin and macrophages engulf them

64
Q

Why is it important not to contaminate venereal samples with feces when looking for Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

There may be commensal trichomonads in the feces since they live in the SI, LI, and rumen of vertebrates. We don’t want them to interfere with dx.

65
Q

What is the infective stage for T. foetus?

A

Trophozoite

66
Q

What are clinical signs for Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Vaginal discharge
Early abortion
Repeated irregular estrus periods after abortion
Not many signs in bull

67
Q

Who has immunity against T. foetus?

A

Cows – self cure

Bulls – no immunity (permanent carriers)

68
Q

What is a sequelae to T. foetus in a cattle herd?

A

May lead to infertility + poor conception

69
Q

What is the approved treatment for T. foetus in cattle?

A

There is no approved tx

It is recommended to use Metronidazole, Dimetridazole, or Iproban

70
Q

What are some control measures we can take for T. foetus?

A
  1. cull infected bulls
  2. culture samples of new bulls
  3. use young bulls (more refractory to infection)
  4. Use A.I. breeding programs w/ precaution and prevent contamination
  5. Give cow at least 90 days sexual rest to allow self cure
  6. Vaccinate
71
Q

How can we tell the difference b/w Giardia and T. foetus trophs (cats) under the light microscope?

A

Giardia - tumbling swimming motion

T. foetus – forward moving

72
Q

What is the tx for T. foetus in cats?

A

Ronidazole

73
Q

What kind of transmission is common for Giardia lamblia?

A

Water borne transmission

asymptomatic shedding is common

74
Q

What assemblage of Giardia is zoonotic? Affects dogs? Cats?

A

Assemblage A - zoonotic
Assemblage A, B, C, D - dog
Assemblage A1 & F - cat

75
Q

What is a common clinical sign for Giardia? What causes the characteristics?

A

Maloderous, gray, greasy, voluminous diarrhea

Undigested fats and CHO

76
Q

How should we dx Giardia?

A

Trophs and cysts in fecal float (ZnSO4 or Sheather’s sugar)

77
Q

Are there any approved drugs for tx of Giardia? How do we tx it?

A

No
Fenbendazole = first choice (dog, cat, cattle)
Metronidazole (dog and cat) - use not recommended alone; combine with FBZ

78
Q

T/F

Use Albendazole for tx of persistent Giardia

A

False
Do NOT use Albendazole – may lead to bone marrow toxicosis in dogs and cats
Contraindicated in pregnant animals

79
Q

An owner brings her dog in and it is positive for Giardia. She has 3 other animals (dog, cat) at home. What will you tell her?

A

Treat all animals in the household simultaneously

80
Q

How can you disinfect the environment from Giardia?

A

Boiling water kills cysts

Lysol, bleach…. with prolonged contact

81
Q

Is there a vaccine for Giardia?

A

Yes – not recommended

82
Q

What is special about ciliate nulei?

A

Two types

  1. small micronucleus
  2. large macronucleus (dumbbell shape)
83
Q

What are the terms for mouth and anus of ciliates?

A

Cytosome - mouth

Cytopyge - anus

84
Q

Who are source for human and dog infection with Balantidium coli?

A

Swine

85
Q

How do swine present with Balantidium coli?

A

Non-clinical

86
Q

What can enlarge the intestinal ulcers associated with Balantidium coli?

A

Hyaluronidase – won’t initiate it!!

87
Q

What makes up the rumen coctail?

A

ciliates + sodium bicarb + rumen juice + water

88
Q

What is the tx for Balantidium coli?

A

Tetracyclines and carbarsone

89
Q

What do we call the trophozoites of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis? What is their characteristic?

A

Trophonts
Large, ciliated
Horseshoe shaped macronucleus

90
Q

What is the infective stage of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A

Theront

91
Q

How can you treat Ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A
  1. Treat water with formalin + malachite green + methylene blue
  2. Increase water temp by 3 degrees above ambient –> stimulates tomite division
  3. Remove fish from tank for 72 hours

Parasitology (2 decks)

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