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ANSC 370 > Exam 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of “form” and structure of all organisms

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2
Q

Embryology

A

study of growth and development of an embryo

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3
Q

Histology

A

study of individual cells in a tissue under a microscope

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4
Q

Physiology

A

study of “function”

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5
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

location and structure of different parts of the body that can be identified with the unaided eye

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6
Q

Levels of Organization in Organisms

A

Cells–>Tissue–>Organ–>Systems–>Organism

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Epithelial, Nervous, Blood, Connective and Muscle

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8
Q

Cell functions

A

Reproduction, Response to Stimuli, Metabolize and Contraction

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9
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of the cell

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10
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in size by increasing cell number

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11
Q

Major subdivisions of eukaryotic cells

A

Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

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12
Q

Absorption

A

taking in nutrients (diffusion, osmosis and active transport)

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13
Q

Secretion

A

release of a valuable product that the bodies need (insulin)

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14
Q

Excretion

A

rid the body of waste (CO2)

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15
Q

Respiration (Metabolism)

A

cellular utilization of oxygen

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16
Q

Irritability

A

ability to respond to a specific stimuli

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17
Q

Conductivity

A

ability of the cell to conduct an impulse (neurons)

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18
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorten in one direction (muscle cells)

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19
Q

Water Composition of Cell

A

70-90%

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20
Q

Functions of Water in Cell

A

Allows absorption of heat
Transports
Maintains osmotic pressure
Chemical reactions

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21
Q

Protein Composition of Cell

A

10-20%; composed of amino acids

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22
Q

Protein Structural Components

A

Membrane, Microtubles and Microfilaments

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23
Q

Protein metabolic functions

A

Enzymes, hormones, plasma proteins and is also a receptor

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24
Q

Microtubules

A

provides shape and support; involved in cell division

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25
Q

Microfilaments

A

support and shape; movement within cells (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and muscle contraction (actin and myosin)

26
Q

Chemical Composition of Cell

A

Water, Protein, Fat (Lipid), Carbohydrates and Minerals

27
Q

Fat Composition of Cell

A

2-3%; not soluble in water

28
Q

Fat (Lipid) Functions

A

Energy reserve (triglycerides)
Structural= phospholipids make up membrane
Hormones (steroids-not soluble in water)–>derived from cholesterol (Lipid)
Vitamins (A,D,E and K)
Waxes (protection; prevention of bacteria)

29
Q

Carbohydrates Composition of Cell

A

1%

30
Q

Carbohydrates Functions

A

Energy source (monosaccharides-glucose; polysaccharides-glycogen)
Glycoproteins-CHO (carbohydrates) attached to protein
DNA and RNA-deoxyribose and ribose + purine or pyrimidine
Cell walls

31
Q

Mineral Component Composition of Cell

A

Inorganic substances; nerve cell function relies on minerals

Examples: Calcium, NaCl and Phosphorus

32
Q

Mineral Functions

A 
Nerve and Muscle Conduction
Co-factors for enzymes
Structure of molecules
Maintain pH balance (serves as buffers)
Osmotic pressure
33
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Bacteria Cell

  • No membrane bound organelles like the nucleus
  • Protected by cell wall
  • DNA in cytoplasm
  • Chromosome is circular (plasmid)
  • Hundred/thousands of genes
  • Almost 100% of gene code for an active protein
34
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A 
Animal Cell
Have nucleus
No cell wall
DNA in nucleus
Linear X, Y chromosome structures
35
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA —(Transcription)—>RNA——(Translation)—->Protein

36
Q

Organelles

A 
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi Complex
Endomplasmic Reticulum
37
Q

Cell/plasma membrane

A
  • Selectively permeability (keeps things out and in based on composition)
  • Composed primarily of lipid (40%) and protein (60%)
  • Outer covering
  • ACTIVE organelle
38
Q

Nucleus

A

(Center of cell) largest organelle in animal cell and control center of cell
-Controls reproduction and contains DNA

39
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Membrane of organelle
  • Rough and smooth
  • rER contains the ribosomes (important for manufacturing proteins)
  • Ribosomes manufature proteins for export
  • sER (no ribosomes) synthesizes lipids
40
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

(surrounds nucleus)

  • Double membrane has wide space between membrane units
  • Pores=several hundred angstroms in diameter
41
Q

DNA

A

double stranded, different nucleotides (ACTG)

42
Q

RNA

A

single stranded, different nucleotides (ACUG)

43
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Membrane bound structure
  • Final processing of protein
  • Protein modification (attaching carbohydrates)
  • Protein packaging
44
Q

Lysosomes

A

Recycling center and garbage disposal

Enzymes to breakdown worn out organelles

45
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell
Glucose to ATP (Energy for body)
Produces 90% of energy cells need to survive/function
Contains enzymes for Citric Acid Cycle/Electron Transport Chain

46
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable environment

47
Q

Membrane Transport

A 
Plasma membrane (gatekeeper) is selectively permeable
-Permeability and Force
48
Q

Permeability across lipid bilayers depends on:

A

High lipid solubility

Small size

49
Q

Force

A

Needed to produce movement of particles across the membrane

  • Passive forces don’t require cell energy
  • Active forces requires cell energy (ATP)
50
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

no energy required (passive)
High concentration to low concentration
Equilibrium reached when theres no concentration gradient and no net diffusion

51
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

No energy required
Transport small water soluble substances (glucose)
High concentration to low concentration
Requires a carrier protein
-Transmembrane proteins that can undergo reversible changes in shape

52
Q

Osmosis

A

From low to high concentration
Water across a selective permeability membrane
Salt draws water to it
Red blood cells has water moving in and out constantly

53
Q

Tonicity

A

effect of solute concentration on cell volume

54
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

0.9% NaCl
Osmotic pressure same on both sides
No change in cell volume

55
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Hemolysis
Less than 0.9% solution
Lower osmotic pressure than in normal cells
Cell volume increases and cell burst

56
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Crenation
Greater than 0.9% solution
Higher osmotic pressure
Cell volume decreases and cell shrinks

57
Q

Filtration

A

Uses gravity and hydrostatic pressure gradient
No energy
Speeds up diffusion
Water and molecules are filtered out of blood under hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

Active Transport

A

Low concentration to higher concentration
Requires energy-ATP
Regulates cell volume and generate electrical signals
Accounts for movement of more different materials across cell membranes than any other transport system

59
Q

What happens in protein malnutrition?

A

Distended belly because molecules/water leaving through slit pores and reside in pertineal cavity.

60
Q

Endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis: Cell Drinking (nonselectively moves large particle in fluid into cell–good products)
Phagocytosis: Cell Eating (get rid of bad products; white blood cells destroy bacteria/ dying or dead cells)

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

Reverse Pinocytosis
Secretory process (made valuable product)
Method of moving large materials out of cell

ANSC 370 (2 decks)

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