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Biology of Disease II > Exam 1: Pulmonary (1) > Flashcards

Exam 1: Pulmonary (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract?

A

Ventilation
Gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the respiratory tract?

A
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3
Q

What lines the upper respiratory tract?

A

Ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

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4
Q

What differentiates bronchioles from terminal bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles eventually lose their cilia = terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

What does an acinus consist of?

A

All of the respiratory structures branching off one terminal bronchiole

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6
Q

What does a lobule consist of?

A

2 or 3 terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

What are the pore of Kohn?

A

Interalveolar pores that allow communication between alveoli, so lobular distinction becomes less important

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8
Q

Wha are the layer than O2 must cross for gas exchange?

A

The alveolar epithelium
The fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
The capillary endothelium itself

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9
Q

What supplies the pulmonary circulation?

A

PULMONARY ARTERY
BROCNHIAL ARTERY
DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY MEANS THE LUNG IS UNLIKELY TO INFARCT

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE MECHANICAL DEFENSES OF THE AIRWAYS?

A

MUCOUS IS MOVED MECHANICALLY BY BEATING CILIA, SNEEZING AND COUGHING, MOVED TO THE PHARYNX, THEN SWALLOWED
THE LARGEST PARTICLES ARE DEPOSITED IN THE NASAL TURBINATES AND THE SMALLEST BRONCHIOLE-ALVEOLAR JUNCTION
PARTICLES APPROX 1 MICRON IN SIZE MAY ATTAIN THE ALVEOLUS (VIRUSES)

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE BRONCHOALVEOLAR DEFENSES AGAINST AIRBORNE PATHOGENS?

A

BRONCHIOLO-ALVEOLAR JUNCTION IS THE MOST VULNERABLE
PARTICLE SIZE IS CRITICAL DETERMINANT
DEFENSE AT THE ALVEOLI INCLUDES THE FLUID COVERING THE ALVEOLAR SURFACE AND THE MACROPHAGES RESIDENT WITHIN THE ALVEOLI

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF BALT?

A

RESPIRATORY TRACT DEDICATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
FOUND IN SUBMUCOSA OF BRONCHI
MAKE ANTIBODIES TO INHALED ANTIGENS - IgA > IgG, IgM

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13
Q

WHAT IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE PRESENT IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE AIRWAYS?

A

UPPER AIRWAYS = IgA
LOWER AIRWAYS = IgG

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSES OF THE ALVEOLI?

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICLES BY MACROPHAGES IS THE MAIN DEFENSE
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES CAN RECRUIT NEUTROPHILS OR T CELLS TO PARTICIPATE IN DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS OR EMPHYSEMA
ALVEOLAR SURFACTANTS ARE IMPORTANT OPSONINS

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15
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES?

A

IMPORTANT AT THE LEVEL OF ALVEOLI (NO CILIA OR GOBLET CELLS THERE)
80-90% OF TOTAL IMMUNE CELLS OF THE ALVEOLUS
SHORT LIFESPAN, RAPID RESPONSE

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16
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF PULMONARY INTRAVASCULAR MACROPHAGES? WHAT SPECIES HAVE THEM

A

RUMINANTS, HORSES, PIGS, AND CATS
PERMANENT RESIDENCE IN ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY
RELEASE CYTOKINES - RESULTS IN INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS (EDEMA)

17
Q

WHAT ARE CLUB CELLS?

A

PRESENT IN CONDUCTING AND TRANSITIONAL ZONES
IMPORTANT ROLES IN DEFENSE AND REGENERATION
SECRETE SURFACTANT

18
Q

WHAT ARE THE PORTALS OF ENTRY OF INJURIOUS AGENTS INTO THE LUNGS?

A

AEROGENOUS = LEADS TO CRANIOVENTRAL DISTRIBUTION = BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
HEMATOGENOUS = INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
DIRECT EXTENSION = PENETRATION

19
Q

WHAT FACTORS CAN CAUSE IMPAIRMENT OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS?

A

UREMIA
ENDOTEOXEMIA
DEHYDRATION
STARVATION
HYPOXIA
ACIDOSIS
PULMONARY EDEMA
ANESTHESIA
TOXIC GASES
IMMUNODEFICIENCY

20
Q

WHAT ARE THE UPPER AIRWAY DEFENSES TO AIRBORNE INSULTS?

A

UPPERMOST TRACT = SNEEZING
TRACHEA/BRONCHI = COUGH

21
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN CAUSES OF CILIARY DYSFUNCTION?

A

CONGENITAL CILIARY DYSKINESIA
ENVIRONMENTAL - SMOKE, GASES, DRY AIR
INFECTIOUS - MYCOPLASMA, BORDETEALL, VIRUSES

22
Q

WHAT IS THE PATHOGENESIS OF UPPER RESPIRATORY DAMAGE TO MUCOSA?

A

.

23
Q

IN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES WILL CILIATED EPITHELIUM REPAIR FROM DAMAGE? WHEN DOES SCARRING RESULT?

A

REPAIR = IF BASEMENT MEMBRANE IS INTACT
SCARRING = IF BASEMENT MEMBRANE IS DAMAGED

24
Q

WHAT IS THE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC UPPER RESPIRATORY MUCOSA INJURY?

A

GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA
FIBROSIS
SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA

25
Q

HOW DO TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS RESPOND TO INJURY?

A

WHEN DAMAGED, TYPE I CALLS ARE REPLACED BY HYPERPLASTIC TYPE II CELLS (GOOD FOR REGENERATION NOT GAS EXCHANGE)
HYALINE MEMBRANES FORM, IMPAIRING GAS EXCHANGE AND REDUCING LUNG COMPLIANCE
DAMAGED TISSUE MAY BE REPLACED BY FIBROSIS

26
Q

WHAT IS THE PULMONARY RESPONSE TO BLOOD-BORNE AGENTS?

A

DOGS/RODENTS/HUMANS: PRIMARILY PHAGOCYTOSED BY KUPFFER CELLS AND SPLENIC MACROPHAGES
RUMINANTS/CATS/PIGS/HORSES: PRIMARILY PHAGOCYTOSED BY PULMONARY INTRAVASCULAR MACROPHAGES

Biology of Disease II (29 decks)

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