Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Identify basic bacteria cell types

A

Bacillus (bacilli)
Coccus (cocci)
Spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to identify endospores

A

Endospore stain
Endospores will be green
Vegetative cells will be pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain how to make a correct smear preparation

A

wearing gloves and eye protection, place a small drop of water on a clean slide using inoculating loop (unless using broth - start with broth), then aseptically add bacteria to the water and mix it, allow smear to air dry, heat fix slide, allow slide to cool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Discuss the difference between making a smear from agar surface and broth

A

Agar slants need water to be able to be mixed with
a broth can be on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do you heat fix a smear

A

to adhere cells to slide and effectively kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hanging drop slide technique used for

A

examine living, unstained, small organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prepare a hanging drop slide

A

jelly on four corners of coverslip, loopful of water to cover glass (or broth), add bacteria for 15 seconds, invert depression slide, should be a drop to view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does gram variable mean

A

those that cannot be grouped as either negative or positive
-species shows both gram positive or negative results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compare differential staining techniques with simple staining techniques

A

simple stain makes bacteria stand out from their environment and differential staining distinguishes different types of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple staining

A

highlight entire organism
steps: prepare smear, heat fix, apply blue stain one minute, wash stain with water, view under oil immersion lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differential staining

A

Helps ID bacteria, uses primary and secondary stain, helps ID certain cell parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

preparing slides for staining - negative

A

-aka acidic
-negative dye repelled by bacteria
-good for looking at morphology and arrangement
-example: nigrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gram’s Stain (wall info)

A

-positive cell wall - thick peptidoglycan wall, 30/40 layers
-negative cell wall - 3-5 layers of cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gram Positive

A

bacteria will resist decolorizing action of 95% ethyl alcohol, bacteria remain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gram Negative

A

bacteria will give up crystal violet due to the lack of chemical bonding and very thin peptidoglycan layer, bacteria will be colorless until counter stained. contain stain in test is safranin (red)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what’s the most important identification technique

A

gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gram stain steps

A

smear slide and heat fix, cover with crystal violet for one minute, gently wash with de-ionized water, add grams iodine for one minute, wash with 95% alcohol for 10-20 sec or until alcohol is colorless, wash with de-ionized water, add safranin 30-45 seconds, gently wash 2 sec, blot dry, view under oil lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Four cocci =

A

Tetracocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cluster of cocci

A

Staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chain of cocci
Chain of bacilli

A

Streptococci
Streptobacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Average Ocular Calibration um/o.u

A

Scanning 25
Low 10
High 2.5
Oil 1

22
Q

Endospore staining importance

A

-only certain species produce endospores (resting state of the cell)
-dye is forced in by heat
-can stand environmental changes
-distinguish between spores (green) and vegetative cells (red)

23
Q

endospore staining steps

A

make a smear and heat fix, cover smear with paper towel and saturate with malachite green, steam over water for 5-10 minutes, remove paper towel, wash with water, counterstain with safranin 60 seconds, wash with water, view under oil immersion

24
Q

acid fast stain importance

A

-small group of bacteria have a large amount of lipid, wax-like material in their cells
-lipid material combines with hot carbolfuchsin (pink)
-carbolfuchsin resists decolorizing of acid alcohol
-many more acid fast negative species than acid fast positive
-all species of mycobacterium sp. are acid fast positive
-identifies tuberculosis and leprosy
-determines if bacteria is infected with illness

25
Q

acid fast staining steps

A

make a smear and heat fix, cover with paper towel, saturate with carbolfuchsin and steam over water for 5-10 minutes, remove paper towel, decolorize with acid alcohol, rinse with water, counterstain with methylene blue for 60 seconds, rinse with water, view under oil immersion

26
Q

Negative staining steps

A

drop side of nigrosin on one side, add organisms to slide aseptically, take clean slide and spread, air dry and observe under microscope

27
Q

what species will test positive for endospore stain

A

Bacillus subtilis

28
Q

what is the purpose of the endospore stain

A

find endospores (green)

29
Q

What is the only acid fast positive species

A

myobacterium phlei (stays pink)

30
Q

what is the pH of a negative slide?

A

below 7 as it is acidic

31
Q

what is the pH of a neutral slide

A

7

32
Q

do you heat fix a negative slide

A

no

33
Q

Positive Staining (chart)
charge is the ion? pH? is stain attracted or repelled by bacteria, name stains

A

positive charge, stain is basic, stain is attracted to bacteria, ex of positive stains - methylene blue, safranin, crystal violet, malachite green, carbolfuchsin

34
Q

Negative Stain
charge is the ion? pH? is stain attracted or repelled by bacteria, name stains

A

negative charge on ion, it’s acidic, pH below 7, stain repelled by bacteria (colored background), ex. of stain nigrosin

35
Q

Gram Stain (chart)
1st stain, reagents/decolorizer, 2nd stain, positive cells will be what color, negative cells will be what color, procedure tests for what structure in or on the cell

A

Crystal violet one minute
wash with deionized water
grams iodine for one minute
decolorizer 95% ethyl alcohol
wash with water
safranin for 30-45 seconds
wash with water

-ID a species of bacteria, shape, arrangment, source of sample

36
Q

Endospore Stain (chart)
1st stain, reagents/decolorizer, 2nd stain, positive cells will be what color, negative cells will be what color, procedure tests for what structure in or on the cell

A

malachite green
rinse
counterstain with safranin for one minute
rinse

reagents/decolorizers - water
endospores are positive
whether or not there’s endospores

37
Q

Acid - Fast Stain (chart)
1st stain, reagents/decolorizer, 2nd stain, positive cells will be what color, negative cells will be what color, procedure tests for what structure in or on the cell

A

saturate with carbolfuchsin
decolorizer acid alcohol
water
counterstain with methylene blue for 60 seconds
water

acid fast bacteria stain pink

38
Q

what does biogenesis mean

A

making new living things
-living things only come from other living things through reproduction

39
Q

what does abiogenesis mean

A

life coming from non-living things
-life arose from nonlife

40
Q

John Snow - what did he do

A

found outbreaks contaminated by sewege, cholera bacteria in drinking water
-first known public health response

41
Q

Louis Pasteur - what did he do

A

swan-neck flask experiemnts with food spilage and if there were microbes and fermentation
-foundation of germ theory of disease

42
Q

Joseph Lister

A

determine causes of postsurgical infections - half of the people died
handwashing and cleanliness during surgery reduced infection

43
Q

Robert Koch

A

specific disease could be attributed to specific microbe

44
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

provide a clean environment for soldiers
-there were poor sanitation in hospitals

45
Q

John Needham

A

briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter - found microscopic creatures, he likely did not boil long enough to kill microbes

46
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

Used broth and infused with plant and animal matter, flasks remained clear - boiled for long periods of time

47
Q

Describe the development of medical microbiology - jenner, lister, pasteur, nightingale, koch

A

Jenner - developed vaccine for smallpox
Lister- dressings for wounds
Koch - discovered that bacteria causes anthrax, tuberculosis, etc.
Pasteur - germ theory of disease
Nightingale - implemented aseptic technique

48
Q

M luteus name

A

Micrococcus Luteus

49
Q

B Subtilis Name

A

Bacillus Subtilis

50
Q

R Rubrum Name

A

Rhodospirillum Rubrum

51
Q

Brownian motion definition

A

organisms appear to vibrate in place - water molecules collide with organism

52
Q

True Motility definition

A

cells will exhibit independent movement and move greater distances

Microbiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions