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Biological Anthropology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 primate synapomorphies

A

Flat nails
Forward facing eyes
Longer gestation periods
Prehensile hands with divergent thumb
Post orbital bar

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2
Q

What major group of primates belong to the suborder strepsirrhini?

A

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos

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3
Q

Name two sympleisiomorphies that strepsirrhines have retained from a more distant common ancestor that haplorrhines no longer have

A

Rhinarium
Tooth comb
Grooming claw
Complex nasal fossa

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4
Q

Name two synapamorphies that are unique to stresirrhine clade

A

Grooming claw
Tooth comb

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5
Q

Lemurs are only found in

A

Madagascar

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6
Q

What is the retinal fovea and why is it important?

A

It helps with high visual acuity

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7
Q

List 3 derived traits shared among anthropoids

A

Fused frontal bone and mandible
Postorbital bar AND plate
Big brain size

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8
Q

Where do platyrrhines live?

A

Central and South America

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9
Q

What is the dental formula for a platyrrhine?

A

2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3

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10
Q

A synapomorphy among the family atelidae is the presence of a ___ tail

A

Prehensile tail

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11
Q

The cebidae family contains the only nocturnal anthropoid called the ____ monkey

A

Night (aotine)

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12
Q

A derived trait for catarrhines is the loss of a _____, giving catarrhines a dental formula of 2.1.2.3

A

Premolar

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13
Q

What is the major difference between colobines and cercopithecines?

A

Colobines have a multi chambered stomach that can digest leaves

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14
Q

When looking at the molars of a catarrhine mandible, how can you tell if it’s a hominoid versus a cercopithecoid?

A

Hominoids have Y-5 molars as opposed to bilophodont

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15
Q

What is another unique trait to the superfamily hominidae?

A

No tale
Short and wide thorax

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16
Q

What primates belong to the superfamily hominidae? Where do they live?

A

Apes (Hylobatids, SE Asia; Pongids, SE Asia; Hominids, Central to SE Asia)

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17
Q

Who is Aristotle and what is the Scala Natura?

A

A Greek philosopher who thought that organisms were arrange in a “great chain or being”

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18
Q

During the middle ages, do people believe that species can change over time?

A

No

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19
Q

Who is Linnaeus and what important contributions did he make to the classification scheme of the natural world?

A

A Swedish biologist who invented binomial nomenclature, taxonomy, and included humans in classification, but different from apes

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20
Q

What is catastrophism and who is responsible for naming this phenomenon?

A

Cataclysmic disasters reset life on earth, Georges Cuvier

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21
Q

Describe Lamaracks theory of evolution. Was Lamarack correct?

A

He believed in transformational evolution. Struggle for higher forms, leave species to change over time, changes are passed onto offspring, leading to inheritance of acquired characteristics. Incorrect.

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22
Q

What is uniformitarianism as described by Hutton?

A

Present geological processes same as past

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23
Q

The writings of Thomas Malthus were influential to Darwin’s understanding of natural selection. Why?

A

He inspired the struggle for existence bc population grows exponentially but food doesn’t.

24
Q

Darwin’s ship

A

Beagle ship

25
Q

Darwin’s Postulates

A
  1. There is a struggle for existence
  2. There is variation in features related to survival and reproduction
  3. This variation is passed from generation to generation
26
Q

Where are Darwin’s finches?

A

The Galapagos islands

27
Q

What scientists came up with natural selection?

A

Leclerc, Cuvier, Lamarck, Hutton, Lyell, Malthus

28
Q

Natural selection

A

Natural variation —> differential reproduction —> (individuals with advantages/ disadvantages)—> (advantageous trait increase in frequency/ disadvantageous traits decrease)

29
Q

Evolution

A

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time

30
Q

What plants did Mendel study? What are the two laws he came up with?

A

Pea plants, independent assortment (allele pairs separate independently in the formation of gametes) and law of segregation (allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly reunite during fertilization)

31
Q

What is a chromosome, when does it appear, and how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

A linear body in the cell nucleus that carries genes and appears during cell division, Humans typically receive 23 chromosomes from each parent for a total of 46 chromosomes

32
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis is body cells and Meiosis is eggs and sperm cells

33
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of chromosome that produces a recognizable effect on phenotype and segregates as a unit during gamete formation

34
Q

What is an allele? Explain dominant versus recessive alleles and the differences between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Homo- AA or aa
Hetero- Aa

35
Q

What is a phenotype? How does it relate to an individual’s genotype?

A

The physical representation of the genotype

36
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology? Be able to identify the steps involved in going from genetic information to observable trait.

A

DNA–> RNA–> Protein
transcription is done to the DNA and then translation is done to the Protein

37
Q

What is a codon?

A

ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in groups of three bases (codon)
– codon specifies a specific amino acid

38
Q

Does evolution occur at the level of an individual or at the level of the population?

A

Population

39
Q

What are the four mechanisms of evolution? Of these four mechanisms, which two are considered random processes?

A

Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift
Mutation and Genetic Drift

40
Q

How might mutations arise?

A

Errors in duplication and transmission of genes and chromosomes

41
Q

What are the two main types of genetic drift? How do they differ?

A

Population Bottlekneck and Founder Affect;
PB- where a disaster reduces population size
FA- when a population leaves and starts a new population

42
Q

-What are the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (there should be 5)?

A

No selection
No mutation
No migration
Large Population
Random Mating

43
Q

Genotype Frequency equation

A

q^2+2pq+p^2

44
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

the production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects.

45
Q

What’s the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

Microevolution refers to small changes over short periods of time within a population. Macroevolution refers to larger changes over a much longer time scale.

46
Q

Define the biological species concept.

A

Biological species is a group of organisms that are (1) actually or potentially interbreeding and (2) are reproductively isolated from other groups.

47
Q

Define the ecological species concept.

A

Almost half of all species not reproductively isolated
Some species have little or no gene flow

48
Q

Name and describe the three modes of speciation we discussed in class.

A
  • ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
    Occurs when a population is divided by some type of physical barrier (river, mountain range, ocean), and then the separated populations diverge over time
  • PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
    Occurs when two populations are physically adjacent, but adapt to different environmental conditions over time.
    -SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
    Individuals of a single population in one habitat gradually diverge over time (no large-scale spatial separation or physical barrier; rare).
49
Q

What is the difference between cladogenesis and anagenesis?

A

CLADOGENESIS: Speciation by splitting of lineages
Anagenesis: gradual transformation of one species into another

50
Q

What is an adaptive radiation?

A

ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Rapid series of multiple cladogenic events; often occurs following colonization of a new landmass

51
Q

What is an homologous trait?

A

those traits that are shared by two or more different species that share a common ancestor
Example: Forelimb

52
Q

What is a phylogeny/cladogram?

A

a diagram that shows the branching sequence of evolutionary relationships.

53
Q

When trying to better understand evolutionary relationships between taxa, how do we determine ancestral characters?

A

By comparing them to ingroups and outgroups

54
Q

What is homoplasy? Name three types discussed in your lab reading

A

Explains how organisms might share a character that evolved independently in the two groups as a result of convergent or parallel evolution, or through an evolutionary reversal.

55
Q

In a cladogram, what does a node represent?

A

The last common ancestor

56
Q

On what characters are evolutionary relationships inferred (i.e., primitive characters or derived
characters, shared characters or unique characters?)

A

Parallelism is the independent evolution of similarity in closely-related organisms. Typically there is similarity in the developmental pathway and genetic basis of similar traits.

Convergence is the independent evolution of similarity in distantly-related taxa. Typically, there is dissimilarity in the developmental pathway and genetic basis of similar traits.

Evolutionary reversal (sometimes also called atavisms and rudiments) is the occurrence of a trait in a descendent that is identical to that of a distant ancestor, but different than of the immediate ancestor.

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

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