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Anatomy Lecture > Exam 1 Study > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major elements of the human body

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen

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2
Q

What percent do the seven mineral element make up of our body

A

Less then 4%

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3
Q

What percent do the thirteen trace elements make up of our body

A

Less then 0.01%

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4
Q

What are isotopes

A

Atom with same atomic number, but different atomic mass

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5
Q

How are ionic bonds formed and what does it form

A

Formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom resulting in ions

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6
Q

What is the octet rule

A

Atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in its valence shell

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7
Q

How are chemical bonds formed

A

When valence electrons interact

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8
Q

What are the two kinds of chemical bonds

A

Molecule and compound

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9
Q

How is a molecule formed

A

Formed between two or more atoms of the SAME element

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10
Q

What is a compound

A

Formed between two more atoms of DIFFERENT elements

(Chemical bond)

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11
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Very large molecules composed of many atoms

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12
Q

What do molecular formulas do

A

Represent molecules with letters and numbers N O CH
2 2 4

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13
Q

What is a hydrogen bond and what is it responsible for

A

WEAK attractions between partially positive end of one dipole and partially negative end of another. Responsible for key property of water- SURFACE TENSION

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14
Q

Explain surface tension

A

Polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to one another then to no nonpolar air molecules at surface

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15
Q

What are reactants and products

A

Reactants are on left side of equation: starting ingredients
Products are on right side: result of reaction

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16
Q

What does endergonic mean

A

Input of energy (absorbing it)

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17
Q

What does exergonic mean

A

Releasing excess energy so the product has less energy then reactant

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18
Q

What are the two forms of energy

A

Potential and Kinetic

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19
Q

What is potential energy

A

Stored and can be released to do work later

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20
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

Potential energy that has been released or set in motion (all atoms have kinetic energy and the faster they move the more energy they have)

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21
Q

What are the three forms of energy in the body

A

Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical

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22
Q

What is chemical energy

A

Found in bonds of atoms, drives all chemical processes

(One of the three forms of energy found in the body)

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23
Q

What is electrical energy

A

Generated by movement of charged particles or ions

(One of the three forms of energy in the body)

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24
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Energy directly transferred from one object to another

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25
Q

What is activation energy

A

The energy that must occur for a chemical reaction to occur (atoms must collide with enough energy and overcome repulsion of their electrons)

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26
Q

What are the dependent variables that reduce activation energy (increase chance of strong collision)

A

Concentration (increase it and it is more reactant), Temperature ( higher temperature increases kinetic energy), Reaction properties (size and phase) (smaller is faster), and presence or absence of catalyst.

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27
Q

What is a catalyst

A

Increases reaction rate by lowering activation energy
Example: enzymes

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28
Q

What is an anabolic reaction

A

Occurs when SMALL simple subunits are united by chemical bonds to make LARGE complex substances

A+B -> AB

ENDERGONIC

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29
Q

What is a catabolic reaction

A

Large substance BROKEN DOWN into smaller substance

AB -> A + B

EXERGONIC

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30
Q

What is an exchange reaction

A

When one or more atom from reactants are EXCHANGED for another

AB + CD -> AD + BC

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31
Q

What is a reversible reaction

A

Either direction, denoted in two arrows that run in either direction

CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3
<-

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32
Q

What is water

A

The universal solvent meaning so many solutes will dissolve in it

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33
Q

What is hydrophilic

A

CAN BE DISSOLVED in water. Water dissolves ionic and polar covalent solutes

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34
Q

What is hydrophobic

A

Solutes that don’t have full or partial charged ends and DONT DISSOLVE IN WATER. Uncharged nonpolar covalent bonds don’t dissolve in water

Ex. Oils and fats

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35
Q

What is a hydrolysis

A

Catabolic reaction that uses water to BREAK UP polymers into SMALLER subunits

(Opposite of dehydration synthesis)

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36
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Anabolic reaction that LINKS MONOMERS TOGETHER and makes molecules of water

(Opposite of hydrolysis)

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37
Q

What is a mixture

A

Atoms of TWO OR MORE elements PHYSICALLY combined without changing chemical nature

38
Q

What are the three types of mixtures

A

Suspension, colloid, solution

39
Q

What is a suspension

A

Two or more components with LARGE, UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED particles

Example: Blood

SETTLES OUT

40
Q

What is a colloid

A

Two or more component with SMALL, EVENLY DISTRIBUTED particles

Example: milk

DOES NOT SETTLE OUT

41
Q

What is a solution

A

Two or more components with EXTREMELY SMALL, EVENLY DISTRIBUTED PARTLES
Contains solute and solvent

Example: Glucose and water

DOES NOT SETTLE OUT

42
Q

What is an acid and what happens to hydrogen ions when acid is added

A

Hydrogen ion + proton donor
The number of hydrogen ions INCREASE when acid is added

43
Q

What is a base and what happens to hydrogen ions when a base is added

A

Hydrogen ion acceptor
The number of hydrogen ions DECREASE when base is added

44
Q

What is the Ph scale

A

Ranges from 0-14
Represent hydrogen ion concentration

45
Q

The solution is _____ when Ph=7

A

Neutral

Hydrogen ions = base ions

46
Q

The solution is ____ when ph is less then 7

A

Acidic

Hydrogen ions are more then base ions

47
Q

THe solution is ___ when Ph is more then 7

A

Basic

More Base ions then hydrogen ions

48
Q

What is a buffer

A

Chemical system that resists change in PH

Example: blood ph remains in 7.35-7.45 range to maintain homeostasis

49
Q

What is a salt and what forms when it dissolves in water

A

Metal cation+ nonmental anion held together by ionic bonds

Can dissolve in water to form electrolytes

50
Q

What are the organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Polymers built from monomers

51
Q

What are carbohydrates and its monomer

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Function as fuel

Monomer is monosaccharides

52
Q

What are monosaccharides. Name examples

A

3-7 carbons, monomers from which all carbs are made of

Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose

53
Q

What are disaccharides

A

TWO monosaccharides held together by dehydration synthesis

Example- sucrose

54
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

MANY monosaccharides held together by dehydration synthesis

55
Q

What is a lipid and what is its monomer

A

Nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen. Includes fats and oils

Monomer is fatty acids

56
Q

What is a fatty acid

A

Lipid monomers consisting of 4-20 carbon atoms

57
Q

What are the three types of fatty acids

A

Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

58
Q

What is a saturated fat

A

SOLID, NO double bond between carbon atoms

59
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat

A

LIQUID , ONE double bond between two carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain

(One of the three types of fatty acids)

60
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat

A

LIQUID, 2+ double bonds between carbon atoms

(Type of fatty acid)

61
Q

What is the “good” fat and what is it found in. Which type of fat is it

A

Omega - 3 fats

Found in flaxseed oil and fish oil; polyunsaturated

62
Q

What is the “bad” fat and what is it found in

A

Saturated fats
Found in animal fats and coconut oils

63
Q

What is the “ugly” fat and which type of oils is it found in

A

Trans fat
Partially hydrogenated oils

64
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Three fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis to glycerol (storage polymer for fatty acids)

65
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Glycerol backbone; two fatty acid tails and one phosphate head in place of third fatty acid

66
Q

What is cholesterol

A

Steroid that forms basis for all other steroids

67
Q

What is a protein and what is its functions

A

Macromolecules that
-function as enzymes
-Play structural roles
—involved in movement
-function in body’s defense
-used as fuel

68
Q

20 different _____ can be linked by _____ into ________

A

Amino acids
Peptide bonds
Polypeptides

69
Q

What is an amino acid

A

Monomers of protein

70
Q

What are peptides

A

2 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis

(Three types: dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)

71
Q

Are are different types of peptide bonds and how many amino acids are each formed by

A

Dipeptides- 2 amino acids
Tripeptides- 3 amino acids
Polypeptides- 10 or more amino acids

72
Q

What are the two types of protein structure

A

Fibrous and globular

73
Q

Describe fibrous proteins

A

Long rope strand, nonpolar aminos
Add strength

74
Q

Describe globular proteins

A

Spherical, polar aminos, function as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers

75
Q

Describe the first level of protein structure

A

Level ONE: Primary Structure
Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain

76
Q

Describe second level of protein structure

A

SECONDARY STRUCTURE
One or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways

77
Q

Describe third level of protein structure

A

TERIATARY STRUCTURE
3-D shape that peptide chains assumes (twists, folds, coils including secondary structure)

78
Q

Describe fourth level of protein structure

A

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
Linking together more then one polypeptide chain in a specific arrangement; critical to function of protein

79
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Monomers of nucleic acids

80
Q

Describe nucleotide structure

A

Nitrogenous base with hydrocarbon ring
Five carbon penthouse sugar, ribose, or deoxyribose
Phosphate group

81
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines and pyrimidines

82
Q

What is a purine

A

Double ringed molecule, ADENINE (A) and GUANINE (G)

(Type of nitrogenous base)

83
Q

What is a pyrimidine

A

Single ringed molecule, CYSTINE (C), URACIL (U), and THYMINE (T)

(Type of nitrogenous base)

84
Q

What does ATP stand for and what is it

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenine attached to ribose and three (TRI) phosphate groups.
The main source of chemical energy.
Can be released as kinetic energy
Production of ATP requires oxygen

85
Q

What is DNA

A

Large molecule found in nuclei, two long chains that twist around each other (double helix)
Contains genes, provides code for protein synthesis

86
Q

What is RNA

A

Single strand of nucleotides; move between nucleus and cytosol
Making proteins
Contains URACIL not thymine

87
Q

The substance that is dissolved is _____

A

Solute

88
Q

The substance doing the dissolving

A

Solvent
Example: water

89
Q

What are radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes; high energy or radiation released by radioactive decay; allows isotope to assume a more stable form

90
Q

What is the most electronegative element

A

Fluorine

91
Q

What does electronegativity mean

A

The element attracts electrons

Anatomy Lecture (2 decks)

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