Exam #1 Study Guide

Question 1

no further growth can occur in a bone after what place closes during the late teens/early 20’s

Answer 1

epiphyseal plates

Question 2

what is the difference between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

Answer 2

osteoarthritis is a degeneration of a joint. osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass which increases the risk of fractures and is painless.

Question 3

describe what skeletal muscle looks like under microscope

Answer 3

striated

Question 4

clavicle and scapula are located where?

Answer 4

two long, thin bones, the clavicles (collar bones), are attached to the sternum and extend outward at a right angle to it on either side. Opposite the clavicles on each side of the back is a scapula, or shoulder blade. A scapula is a flat, triangular bone attached to the outer end of the clavicle on the skeleton. It attaches to the trunk of the body medially with the manubrium of the sternum. The structure of the scapula gives the body free movement of the shoulders and arms.

Question 5

what does the word OMIT mean

Answer 5

leave out or exclude

Question 6

where is calcium and phosphorus stored

Answer 6

the bones

Question 7

what are fx of the skeletal system

Answer 7

The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation — that enable us to survive

Question 8

what are fx of the muscle system

Answer 8

responsible for movement of the body, warms you up

Question 9

describe the normal range of motion of join movement, such as abduction

Answer 9

flexion - decrease in the angle
extension - extending the angle
hyperextension - extreme extension
supination - ventral surface is facing up
pronation - ventral surface is facing down
dorsiflexion - lifting the wrist or foot up
plantar - moving foot down
abduction - movement of extremity away from midline
adduction - towards midline
eversion - turn body part away from midline
inversion - turn body part toward midline

Question 10

what do tendons attach to

Answer 10

they attach muscle to bones

Question 11

describe what an arthrocentesis is. are patients post-op advised to walk

Answer 11

Puncture of a client’s joint with a needle and withdrawal of synovial fluid. Fluid should be straw colored and clear or slightly cloudy; teach s/s of infection. not advised to walk right after the procedure due to anesthetics.

Question 12

what discharge teaching will you do for the post op knee replacement patient

Answer 12

Ice and elevate for 24 hours, take analgesic for pain, apply a splint or sling if prescribed, activity restriction, ensure client can use crutches, monitor color and temp of the extremity

Question 13

what important question must you ask your pt prior to an MRI. why?

Answer 13

Ask the client if there are any allergies to iodine or shellfish if contrast is used. Ask the client about any history of pacemaker or prosthetic metal implants.

Question 14

describe what arthroscopy is

Answer 14

Diagnostic procedure done to visualize the internal structures of a join, mostly in the knee or shoulder.

Question 15

what s/s would you expect to find in your pt scheduled for arthroscopic knee surgery

Answer 15

pain and damage to the interior part of a joint

Question 16

what post-op complication should you report immediately to PCP after an arthroscopy

Answer 16

report swelling, redness, or fever

Question 17

where are ligaments located

Answer 17

ligaments hold bones together. connect to bones, cartilage, and muscles.

Question 18

what is a DEXA scan, what areas are usually scanned and what indicated the need for one

Answer 18

A bone density scan. Measures client’s bone density. checks for mineral loss and bone thinning

Question 19

muscles involuntarily fx is to do what

Answer 19

Do necessary functions for you like your heart, it keeps beating and pumping blood, your eyes blink when needed, your lungs breath air.

Question 20

what can we do as nurses for the immobile patient to help prevent contractures

Answer 20

gentle passive stretches.

Question 21

when first assessing extremities such as knees, why is it important to compare both side by side before anything else is done

Answer 21

want to assess to make sure both legs are receiving proper blood flow.

Question 22

where is synovial fluid located and why do we need it

Answer 22

synovial fluid is located in the synovial joints. we need it when we move.. it “oils” us up so we can move easier.

Question 23

what is hematopoiesis and where does it take place

Answer 23

when Red bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Question 24

where is the fibula located

Answer 24

the outer and usually smaller of the two bones between the knee and the ankle

Question 25

what is the goal we are trying to obtain by doing range of motion for a with our pts

Answer 25

ROM exercises can help to decrease pain, strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint, and enable you to work out or do daily tasks with minimal discomfort.

Question 26

what is the post-op teaching after the arthroscopy

Answer 26

Ice and elevate for 24 hours, take analgesic for pain, apply a splint or sling if prescribed, activity restriction, ensure client can use crutches, monitor color and temp of the extremity

Question 27

why would just getting over bronchial pneumonia or bronchitis cause a surgery to be cancelled

Answer 27

Surgery complications include risk of infections and you don’t want to go in with a weakened immune system. You might not be able to fight off an infection if it arises.

Question 28

what post op assessment/interventions would be included following arthroscopy surgery

Answer 28

Ice and elevate for 24 hours, take analgesic for pain, apply a splint or sling if prescribed, activity restriction, ensure client can use crutches, monitor color and temp of the extremity

Question 29

what complications can take place post op bone biopsy

Answer 29

paint for a week after. administer pain meds.

call dr if increased pain, swelling, redness or warmth, pus draining from the site, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or groin, fever or chills.

Question 30

locate where the what side of the arm is the radius located? ulna?

Answer 30

The forearm has two bones which lie beside one another. The larger one is the ulna and the smaller one is the radius. There are two hollows, or depressions, in the upper end of the ulna. Into one of these depressions fits the lower end of the humerus. Into the other depression fits the upper end of the radius.

Question 31

what is the fx of the muscular system

Answer 31

responsible for movement of the body

Question 32

what are you teaching to your pt pre and post gallium scan

Answer 32

Teach the client to lie still during the length of the procedure. Empty bladder before.

Encourage client to drink fluids to increase excretion of radioisotope in the urine and feces.

Question 33

what is another name for skeletal muscle

Answer 33

striated muscles. they are voluntary.

Question 34

describe what the sound crepitus would make

Answer 34

constant grinding or cracking in the knees when moved from 40 to 90 degrees.

Question 35

what is the s/s of a dislocated bone

Answer 35

Accompanied by numbness or tingling at the joint or beyond it. Intensely painful, especially if you try to use the joint or put weight on it. Limited in movement. Swollen or bruised. Visibly out of place, discolored, or misshapen.

Question 36

where is the meniscus located and what is its fx

Answer 36

located between the femur bone and the tibia bone in the knee. “c”-shaped cartilage disk that’s found in the knee. FX: shock absorber or cushion to minimize the stress on another type of cartilage that we have in the knee.

Question 37

if muscles are not used regularly muscles fibers shortened and become less elastic causing what problem

Answer 37

atrophy

Question 38

what are your nursing actions for your post-op total knee repair pt

Answer 38

follow precautions to prevent complications such as DVT, anemia and infection. A continuous passive motion machine can be prescribed. Position the knee to avoid flexion contractures (avoid knee gatch and pillows placed behind the knee. Administer analgesics and NSAIDS, antibiotics, anticoagulant (lovenox or warfarin0 Monitor compression bandage and provide ice or cold therapy to reduce swelling

Question 39

describe age related changes that take place in the musculoskeletal system

Answer 39

at about age 40, there is a gradual loss of muscle cells. Loss of power, notable in the extensors. Activity and exercise delay and decreased because of the undesirable effects of aging.

Question 40

abduct or adduct is the proper way to position a post op hip replacement pt

Answer 40

use an abduction pillow under the patients legs while in bed.

Question 41

describe how you would tell your pt to dorsiflex their foot

Answer 41

I would tell them to extend their leg and lift their foot up and down.

Question 42

what is the fx of tendons

Answer 42

Tendons have sheaths lined with synovial membrane that permits a smooth, gliding movement

Question 43

what region is the popliteal knee joint located

Answer 43

knee, appendicular, around the popliteal bone

Question 44

describe electromyography and why someone would need one

Answer 44

technique for evaluating and recording the activation signal of muscles. insertion of needle electrodes into skeletal muscles so electrical activity can be recorded on an oscilloscope. detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when thee cells contract, and also when cells are at rest.

Question 45

describe what you would tell your pt that takes place during bone scan

Answer 45

A radionuclide test will be involved and injected 2-3 hours before scanning. They can detect hairline bone fractures and tremors, fractures, and diseases of the bone. Scan will take 30-60 minutes and can require sedation for the client to lie still.

Question 46

what is the purpose of wearing elastic stocking bilaterally post op

Answer 46

Wearing compression stockings is one way of reducing your risk of developing DVT