Exam 1 (Week 3)

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Science of what falls upon people

Question 2

Epidemiology requires knowledge from

Answer 2

public health, clinical medicine, statistics, social scienes, pathophysiology

Question 3

John Snow discovered what?

Answer 3

Connections between microorganisms and disease

Question 4

Epidemiologic shift

Answer 4

Shift in patterns of disease from infectious to more chronic, degenerative

Question 5

Demographic shift

Answer 5

Shifts in patter of high birth & death rates in developing countries to low birth & death rates in developed countries

Question 6

Distribution

Answer 6

Implies disease isn’t random

Question 7

Determinants

Answer 7

Factors that can cause a change in health condition or outcome

Question 8

Morbidity

Answer 8

Illness due to specific disease/cause

Question 9

Mortality

Answer 9

Death due to specific disease/cause

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

Human, animal, or plant affected/of interest

Question 11

Endemic

Answer 11

Habitual presence of disease in a given area that is normally found

Question 12

Epidemic

Answer 12

Disease in high occurance than normal and generated from a common group

Question 13

Pandemic

Answer 13

Worldwide epidemic; high proportions of people getting infected

Question 14

Explain the degrees of intervention

Answer 14

Primary = Before onset/”Preclinical Phase”; Secondary = During Preclinical Phase; Tertiary = During Clinical Phase

Question 15

Community Engagement

Answer 15

Process of enabling group discourse to solve an issue of mutual concern

Question 16

Participatory planning

Answer 16

Community focuses on problem while stakeholders define success and measurement

Question 17

Non-particpation/Passive

Answer 17

Community is not aware/involved

Question 18

Co-option

Answer 18

Token representatives but have no input or power

Question 19

Compliance/Informing

Answer 19

Tasks are assigned with incentives; Outsiders pick agenda

Question 20

Consultation

Answer 20

Local opions are heard but outsiders choose action to take

Question 21

Cooperation

Answer 21

Local people work with outsiders to determine priorities; Outsiders still direct process

Question 22

Co-learning

Answer 22

Locals and outsiders share knowledge to form mutual understanding to plan for action; or locals work independently

Question 23

Contest competition

Answer 23

Survival of the fittest

Question 24

Scramble competition

Answer 24

First come, first serve

Question 25

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 25

1. Organism must be in each case 2. Must be isolated in pure culture 3. Must reproduce disease in susceptible animal 4. Organism must be recovered from animal

Question 26

Strength

Answer 26

Strong associations support casual relationship between factor and disease

Question 27

Consistency

Answer 27

Association is observed repeatedly

Question 28

Specificity

Answer 28

Association is constrained to particular disease-exposure

Question 29

Temporality

Answer 29

Cause observed before effect

Question 30

Biological gradient

Answer 30

“Dose response”; linear trend between disease and exposure

Question 31

Plausibility

Answer 31

Association must be biologically plausibile

Question 32

Coherence

Answer 32

Cause-effect shouldn’t conflict with gold standard knowledge

Question 33

Experiment

Answer 33

Preventative action alter frequency of outcome

Question 34

Analogy

Answer 34

Similarities between known associations and one evaulated for causality

Question 35

Odds Ratio

Answer 35

ad/bc ; Measure between exposure and outcome

Question 36

Relative Risk

Answer 36

(A/a+b)/(c/c+d) ; measures strength of association between cohort and randomized; incidence in exposed w/ disease/ incidence in exposed w/o disease

Question 37

Sensitivity

Answer 37

a/a+c ; % of truly positive tests

Question 38

Specificity

Answer 38

d/b+d ; % truly negative tests

Question 39

High sensitivty is unlikely to have false ____

Answer 39

negatives

Question 40

High specificity is unlikely to have false ______

Answer 40

positives

Question 41

Positive Predictive Value

Answer 41

a/a+b ; Of positive tests, which are truly positive