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Anatomy > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

primary sex organs

A

gonads

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2
Q

produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones

A

gonads

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3
Q

Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

semen

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4
Q

Liquid portion of semen acts as a transport medium to

A

dilute sperm

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5
Q

are streamlined cellular “tadpoles”

A

sperm

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6
Q

provides energy for sperm cells

A

fructose

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7
Q

helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina

A

Alkalinity of semen

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8
Q

inhibits bacteria

A

semen

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9
Q

Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
Millions of sperm are made every day

A

sperm production

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10
Q

are formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

A

sperm

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11
Q

begin sperm production by dividing rapidly

A

Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells)

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12
Q

During puberty, _____________ is secreted in increasing amounts

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (F S H)

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13
Q

a stem cell, that continues the stem cell population

A

type A daughter cell

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14
Q

becomes a primary spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm

A

type B daughter cell

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15
Q

Each division of a spermatogonium stem cell produces:

A

type A daughter cell and type B daughter cell

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16
Q

special type of nuclear division that differs from mitosis

A

meiosis

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17
Q

occurs in the gonads

A

meiosis

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18
Q

includes two successive divisions of the nucleus

A

meiosis

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19
Q

results in four daughter cells (gametes)

A

meiosis

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20
Q

are spermatids with 23 chromosomes

A

gametes

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21
Q

half the usual 46 found in other body cells

A

23 chromosomes

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22
Q

is known as the haploid number-half the genetic material as other body cells

A

23

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23
Q

union of a sperm with an egg creates a

A

zygote

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24
Q

three regions of a sperm

A

head, midpiece, tail

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25
Q

The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis, takes

A

64 to 72 days

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26
Q

During puberty, Follicle-stimulating hormone (F S H) begins prodding seminiferous tubules to produce

A

sperm

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27
Q

begins activating the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone (L H)

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28
Q

Most important hormonal product of the testes

A

testosterone

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29
Q

Stimulates reproductive organ development

A

testosterone

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30
Q

Underlies sex drive

A

testosterone

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31
Q

Causes secondary sex characteristics:
Deepening of voice
Increased hair growth
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
Increased bone growth and density

A

testosterone

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32
Q

produce eggs and hormones

A

ovaries

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33
Q

Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of:

A

Oocyte (immature egg)
Follicle cells

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34
Q

layers of different cells that surround the oocyte

A

Follicle cells

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35
Q

contains an immature oocyte

A

primary follicle

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36
Q

growing follicle with a maturing oocyte

A

vesicular follicle

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37
Q

the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected from the ovary; occurs about every 28 days

A

ovulation

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38
Q

The ruptured follicle is transformed into a

A

corpus luteum

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39
Q

secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis

A

suspensory ligaments

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40
Q

anchor ovaries to the uterus medially

A

ovarian ligaments

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41
Q

a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place

A

broad ligaments

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42
Q

the process of producing ova (eggs) in a female

A

Oogenesis

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43
Q

female stem cells found in a developing fetus

A

Oogonia

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44
Q

Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes that are surrounded by cells that form

A

primary follicles in the ovary

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45
Q

are inactive until puberty

A

Primary oocytes

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46
Q

auses some primary follicles to mature each month

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (F S H)

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47
Q

constitute the ovarian cycle

A

Cyclic monthly changes

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48
Q

starts inside maturing follicle

A

Meiosis

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49
Q

occurs with the release of luteinizing hormone (L H)

A

Ovulation of a secondary oocyte

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50
Q

is completed after ovulation only if sperm penetrates the oocyte

A

Meiosis

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51
Q

Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can be combined with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm to form

A

the fertilized egg

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52
Q

f the secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm

A

it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum

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53
Q

Mature follicles that are not ovulated will

A

deteriorate

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54
Q

Triggers ovulation
Causes the ruptured follicle to transform into a corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing hormone (L H)

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55
Q

meiosis in males

A

produce four functional sperm

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56
Q

meiosis in females

A

produces one functional ovum and three tiny polar bodies

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57
Q

are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

A

sperm

58
Q

is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

A

egg

59
Q

are produced by follicle cells (puberty)

A

estrogens

60
Q

Enlargement of accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Development of breasts
Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)

A

estrogeb

61
Q

is produced by the corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

62
Q

Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts for milk production

A

progesterone

63
Q

the major source of progesterone by the second month of pregnancy

A

placenta

64
Q

28 days in length

A

Cyclic changes of the endometrium

65
Q

typically occurs about midway through cycle, on day 14

A

ovulation

66
Q

regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries

A

FSH and LH,

67
Q

Stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative stage
Secretory stage

68
Q

Days 0–4

A

menstrual phase

69
Q

Bleeding occurs for

A

3 to 5 days

70
Q

By day 4, growing ovarian follicles are

A

producing more estrogen

71
Q

Functional layer of the endometrium is

A

sloughed off

72
Q

Days 5–14:

A

proliferative stage

73
Q

Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium

A

Days 5–14

74
Q

Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized

A

Days 5–14

75
Q

occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage (day 14)

A

ovulation

76
Q

Days 15–28

A

secretory phase

77
Q

Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium

A

Days 15–28

78
Q

If implantation does occur:
Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing

A

its hormones

79
Q

If fertilization does not occur:
Corpus luteum degenerates as L H blood levels

A

decline

80
Q

Lack of ovarian hormones causes endometrial cells to die and menses to begin on day

A

28

81
Q

Present in both sexes, but function only in females

A

mammary glands

82
Q

Function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn
Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size

A

mammary glands

83
Q

is X-ray examination that detects breast cancers too small to feel

A

mammography

84
Q

American Cancer Society recommends mammography annually for women between

A

45 and 54 years old and every 2 years thereafter if the results are normal

85
Q

is often signaled by a change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple

A

Breast cancer

86
Q

time from fertilization until infant is born

A

pregnancy

87
Q

developing offspring

A

conceptus

88
Q

period of time from fertilization until week 8

A

embryo

89
Q

week 9 until birth

A

fetus

90
Q

from date of last period (conception happens 1-2 weeks later) until birth (approximately 280 days)

A

gestation period

91
Q

is viable up to 24 hours after ovulation

A

an oocyte

92
Q

are viable up to 48 hours after ejaculation

A

sperm

93
Q

Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine (fallopian) tube for

A

fertilization to be possible

94
Q

are attracted to the oocyte by chemicals

A

sperm cells

95
Q

Produce offspring via gametes

A

the reproductive system

96
Q

fuse to form a zygote

A

Sperm and egg

97
Q

houses the embryo, and later the fetus, until birth

A

female uterus

98
Q

First cell of a new individual

A

zygote

99
Q

is the result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and ovum

A

The zygote

100
Q

begins rapid mitotic cell divisions, known as cleavage, 24 hours after fertilization

A

the zygote

101
Q

journeys down the uterine tube, moving toward the uterus

A

the zygote

102
Q

Rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote

A

cleavage

103
Q

Provides a large number of cells to construct the embryo

A

cleavage

104
Q

3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus and floats as a

A

morula, a ball of 16 cells

105
Q

Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more
Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (h C G) to induce the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta assumes its role

A

blastocyst

106
Q

large fluid-filled sphere

A

trophoblast

107
Q

cluster of cells to one side

A

inner cell mass

108
Q

By day 7 after ovulation, the blastocyst has attached to the endometrium and implantation (burrowing of fertilized egg into endometrium) is complete by

A

day 14 after ovulation

109
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into

A

primary germ layers

110
Q

outside layer, which gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin

A

ectoderm

111
Q

inside layer, which forms mucosae and associated glands

A

endoderm

112
Q

middle layer, which gives rise to everything else

A

mesoderm

113
Q

After implantation, the trophoblast of the blastocyst develops

A

chorionic villi (projections)

114
Q

Chorionic villi combine with tissues of the uterus to form the

A

placenta

115
Q

Once the placenta has formed, the amnion is attached to the

A

placenta by an umbilical cord

116
Q

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo

A

Amnion

117
Q

a blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue

A

Umbilical cord

118
Q

Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is not exchanged)

A

placenta

119
Q

Delivers nutrients and oxygen
Removes wastes from embryonic blood
Becomes an endocrine organ
Produces estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones that maintain pregnancy

A

placenta

120
Q

All organ systems are formed by the end of the

A

eight week

121
Q

Activities of the fetus are

A

growth and organ specialization

122
Q

is one of tremendous growth and change in appearance

A

the fetal stage

123
Q

period from conception until birth

A

pregnancy

124
Q

Enlargement of the uterus
Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin

A

anatomical changes

125
Q

is common and is due to elevated progesterone and estrogens

A

morning sickness

126
Q

is common because of organ crowding by the fetus

A

heartburn

127
Q

is caused by declining motility of the digestive tract

A

constipation

128
Q

have additional burden and produce more urine

A

kidneys

129
Q

compresses the bladder, causing stress incontinence

A

the uterus

130
Q

becomes congested and swollen

A

nasal mucosa

131
Q

Vital capacity and respiratory rate

A

increase

132
Q

occurs during later stages of pregnancy

A

dyspnea (difficult breathing)

133
Q

Blood volume increases by

A

25% to 40%

134
Q

Blood pressure and pulse

A

increase

135
Q

Varicose veins are

A

common

136
Q

the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus

A

labor

137
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions are weak, irregular uterine contractions

A

false labor

138
Q

increase in the myometrium

A

oxytocin receptors

139
Q

is released by the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin

140
Q

initiates contractions and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins

Anatomy (16 decks)

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