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ENEC 201 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

sustainability

A

a way of maintaining ecological balance

economic, social, environmental

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2
Q

interventionalist

A

policies and governance that directly influence the economy and foreign affairs

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3
Q

non interventionalist

A

minimal government involvement and intervention in economy and foreign affairs

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4
Q

classical econ

A

advocates for private business ownership. consumers, not resources determine value

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5
Q

neoclassical econ

A

supply and demand is the dricing force behind pricing, comsumption, production

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6
Q

says law

A

production/supply are the main source of demand

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7
Q

real business cycle theory

A

suggests that business cycles are a result of technological change and resource availability. business cycle fluxuations are accounted for by real time shocks

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8
Q

environmental determinism

A

belief that the environment, specifically its physical features like climate determine patters of human culture and society

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9
Q

german feed in tarriff

A

renewables are produced, excess is supplied to the grid, a fixed, above market price is supplied

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10
Q

cornucopian

A

belief that environmental problems dont exist or cannot be solved

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11
Q

neomalthusian

A

recognizes that resources are limited, and that the growing population could rapidly depete them

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12
Q

malthusian

A

human population grows faster than can be sustianed by food supply until famine, war, disease reduces it

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13
Q

maladaptation

A

failure to adjust/adapt properly to the environment

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14
Q

rational actor model

A

assumes that humans are rational beings that develop goals based on self interest and then make choices that align with those goals

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15
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism. a strand of DNA is removed and replaced with a stand from a different organism

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16
Q

CRISPR- Cas 9

A

genetic engineering that preserves genetic diversity by working in an organisms original genome

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17
Q

coastal hypoxia

A

oxygen in the ocean is so low that organisms cannot surviv

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18
Q

coastal eutrophication

A

runoff creates overpour of nutrients into the ocean which end up in the nutrient cycle and contribute to an overgrowth of algae

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19
Q

risk society

A

how society organizes itself in response to risk

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20
Q

GECs

A

gene editing crop that modifies within the original genome

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21
Q

microbes

A

microorganisms that can be used to do things like protect crops

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22
Q

silo problem

A

lack of an interdiciplinary approach to issues

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23
Q

carbon farming

A

method of sequestration that stores carbon inside of soil and crop roots

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24
Q

precision ag

A

uses GIS and remote sensing to monitor farm and therefore make it more effecient

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25
Q

urban ag

A

a way of doing agriculture in urban areas

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26
Q

vertical ag

A

stacked layers of plants in a controlled environment

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27
Q

synthetic biology

A

using biological tools as a more sustainable way to produce materials and goods

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28
Q

precision fermentation

A

uses microorganisms in order to produce functional ingredients

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29
Q

path dependency

A

because of historical prefrence and entrenched interests, the same way of doing things is kept even of there are better options

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30
Q

stranded asset

A

resoruce that used to be valued, but because of external change, now maintains little value

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31
Q

creative destruction

A

continuous cycle of innovation that pushed the old out and the new in

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32
Q

blue zone

A

places that have: active living, spirtuality, healthy diet, self care lifestyle

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33
Q

pumped storage

A

great energy storage method that allows excess water to be pumped from different elevations

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34
Q

food-population nexus

A

carrying capacity of land, and the parable of the tribes

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35
Q

extensive ag

A

uses smaller farming operations. pastoralism and swidden agriculture

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36
Q

pastoralism

A

animal husbandry

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37
Q

swidden ag

A

slash and burn

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38
Q

intensive ag

A

capital or labor intensive

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39
Q

capital intensive ag

A

requires a large amount of funding and technology. large scale operation

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40
Q

labor intensive ag

A

requires a large amount of labor for production

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41
Q

green revolution

A

shift from small to large scale farms (industrial). technology based. short-term profitability.

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42
Q

soil mismanagement

A

priortizing short term soil health

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43
Q

active living

A

gardening, walking to needs, doesn’t require gym. in blue zones

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44
Q

microhydro

A

achemedian screw and desalination

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45
Q

circular economy

A

economy based on regeneration and reuse of materials/products. preserves life cycle of products

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46
Q

agroforestry

A

purposeful planting of shrubbery and trees in pasture in order to protect plants and animals/ increase pollination and mutualism

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47
Q

alley cropping

A

planting trees and shrubs in rows and ag in the middle of rows. nutrient cycling and erosion control

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48
Q

mango materials

A

sequestered methane to make polyester

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49
Q

biotech

A

uses organic materials to produce

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50
Q

nanotech

A

manipulates atoms and molecules at nanoscale to produce

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51
Q

green chemistry

A

chemical processes that reduce the presence of hazardous substances

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52
Q

structural color

A

color derived from micron and submicron structures, based on the scattering of light. applications for planes, paint, urban heat islands)

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53
Q

food, energy, water nexus

A

takes water to produce energy, takes energy to produce clean water

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54
Q

hydropower

A

use of moving water to produce electricity

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55
Q

renewable energy sources act

A

1) investment protection regardless of size for renewable energy
2) no change to german public finances and german industry is exempt from higher prices
3) innovation by increasing FITs

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56
Q

1935 federal power act

A

act gave the federal government control over whole sale electric sales in interstate commerce
-gave states control over retail sales within a state

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57
Q

national energy act 1978

A

established energy goals, specifically reducing the nation’s dependency on oil and increasing the use of renewable resources, such as solar energy

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58
Q

PURPA

A

meant to promote energy conservation (reduce demand) and promote greater use of domestic energy and renewable energy (increase supply)

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59
Q

energy tax act

A

objective of this law was to shift from oil and gas supply toward energy conservation; thus, to promote fuel efficiency and renewable energy through taxes and tax credits

tax rebates (carrots)
gas guzzlers tax for new cars (stick)

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60
Q

Natural gas policy act

A

authorized the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to regulate both intrastate and interstate natural gas production and transmission

passed in a time of energy crisis

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61
Q

national energy conservation policy act

A

provides for the regulation of interstate commerce, to reduce the growth in demand for energy in the United States, and to conserve nonrenewable energy resources produced in the U.S. and elsewhere, without inhibiting beneficial economic growth

manages demand
-power plants and industrial fuel use

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62
Q

PURPA goals

A

most signifigant piece of 1978 energy act
goals:
1) introduce wholesale markey competition
2) promote cogeneration
3) hydroelectric encouraged at small dams
4) conservation of energy and gas
5) making retail rates fairer for consumers through competition

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63
Q

REPS

A

renewable energy portfolio standard
driver previous to the IRA
ambitions energy goals in some states (50-100%)

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64
Q

FERC

A

federal energy regulatory commission. have the power to shape the US electric grid. provide on and off subsidies for clean energy

most importantly, created ISO and RTOs

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65
Q

IRA

A

inflation reduction act. assures and encourages investment in clean energy through tax credits and loans

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66
Q

RTO

A

regional transmission operator. coordinates, controls and monitors the operation of the electrical power system, usually within a single US State, but sometimes encompassing multiple states.

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67
Q

ISO

A

independent system operator. coordinates and controls the grid

68
Q

microeconomics

A

a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms

69
Q

carbon tax

A

a tax levied on the carbon emissions from producing goods and services. Carbon taxes are intended to make visible the hidden social costs of carbon emissions. They are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by essentially increasing the price of fossil fuels

70
Q

cap and trade

A

a system for controlling carbon emissions and other forms of atmospheric pollution by which an upper limit is set on the amount a given business or other organization may produce but which allows further capacity to be bought from other organizations that have not used their full allowance.

71
Q

command and control

A

rules and legislation imposed by governments, and is often backed up by the threat of coercion, fines or state penalties

72
Q

effeciancy standards

A

establish requirements for building performance that contribute to reductions in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases

73
Q

subsidy

A

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

74
Q

procurement policy

A

a set of guidelines used to establish and standardize the procedure for purchasing goods and services within an organization

75
Q

negative externality

A

something that impacts a person or people who are uninvolved in a situation

76
Q

tradgedy of the commons

A

individual is incentivized to act in a way that is ultimately harmful for the group

77
Q

market failure

A

the economic situation defined by an inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market. Furthermore, the individual incentives for rational behavior do not lead to rational outcomes for the group.

ex unemployment

78
Q

voluntary carbon market

A

a decentralized market where private actors voluntarily buy and sell carbon credits that represent certified removals or reductions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.

79
Q

compliance carbon market

A

established by governments as a means of achieving their carbon reduction targets. These markets operate on a mandatory basis, meaning that participating organizations are required by law to participate in the market and to meet certain carbon reduction targets

80
Q

carbon offsetting

A

a carbon trading mechanism that enables entities such as governments or businesses to compensate for their greenhouse gas emissions by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives carbon credits.

81
Q

nature based carbon solutions

A

involve conserving, restoring, or better managing ecosystems to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Examples include allowing forests to regrow, restoring coastal wetlands, and switching to restorative agricultural practices

82
Q

clean air act

A

Clean Air Act is the United States’ primary federal air quality law, intended to reduce and control air pollution nationwide. Initially enacted in 1963 and amended many times since, it is one of the United States’ first and most influential modern environmental laws

83
Q

Bureaucratic Model

A

a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.

84
Q

Classical Pluralism

A

the view that politics and decision-making are located mostly in the framework of government but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence

85
Q

Elite Model

A

a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policymaking networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections

86
Q

Iron Triangle

A

conspiratorial relationship between bureaucracies, congressional committees, and interest groups

87
Q

Revolving Door

A

a revolving door is a situation in which personnel move between roles as legislators and regulators, on one hand, and employees or lobbyists of the industries affected by the legislation and regulation

88
Q

Agency/Regulatory Capture

A

a form of corruption of authority that occurs when a political entity, policymaker, or regulator is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group

89
Q

PACs

A

a political action committee (PAC) is a tax-exempt 527 organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation

90
Q

Citizens United vs FEC

A

McCain Feingold Act (Citizens United v. FEC) Citizens United disputed the regulation that prohibited corporations and unions from directly paying for advertisements that supported or denounced a specific candidate within 30 days of a primary election or 60 days of a general election

91
Q

effecient market theory

A

a hypothesis in financial economics that states that asset prices reflect all available information. A direct implication is that it is impossible to “beat the market” consistently on a risk-adjusted basis since market prices should only react to new information.

92
Q

neoliberalism

A

a political approach that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending.

93
Q

market fundamentalism

A

a strong belief in the ability of unregulated laissez-faire or free-market capitalist policies to solve most economic and social problems

94
Q

supply side econ

A

a macroeconomic theory postulating that economic growth can be most effectively fostered by lowering taxes, decreasing regulation, and allowing free trade

95
Q

entrepreuerial econ

A

focuses on supply

new combinations of doing new things in a new way

96
Q

state guided industrial transformation

A

free trade regulates national interest

comparitive advantages in global economy and maintaining power balance

97
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

doing what is best for yourself, or for the group?

a thought experiment that involves two rational agents, each of whom can cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward.

98
Q

keynesian econ

A

it is the job of governments to protect against market failures

consumption and demand are the main drivers

99
Q

positive externality

A

benefitting from things that you aren’t involved with

100
Q

aggregate demand

A

the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time

101
Q

nonrivalrous/rivalrous public goods

A

non: good is not diminished as people use it

102
Q

social market econ (ordoliberalism)

A

an economic order which in a framework of market economy aims for social security and social equity by means of political intervention and measures in line with the market

103
Q

nordic model

A

comprehenisve welfare state with collective bargaining

104
Q

green finance

A

any structured financial activity, product, or service that has been created to ensure a better outcome

105
Q

green bond

A

issued by private sectors, a fixed income socially responsible investment to support environmental projects

106
Q

esg investing

A

environmental, social, goverment. inesting in companies that align with these 3 values

107
Q

green banks

A

public or semi public/non profit entities that are established to facilitate investment in green projects

108
Q

blended finance

A

use of development finance and philanthropic funds to mobilize private capital to emerging markets

109
Q

corporate personhood

A

he legal notion that a juridical person such as a corporation, separately from its associated human beings, has at least some of the legal rights and responsibilities enjoyed by natural persons

110
Q

shareholder model

A

companies that are managed to maximize retruns to shareholders through dividends and capital gains

111
Q

stakeholder model

A

long term, growth oriented. companies managed for benefits of stakeholders like employees and customers

112
Q

consumerism

A

a social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for survival or traditional displays of status

113
Q

social evaluative threat

A

humans seek higher status and are driven to preserve their social self

114
Q

materialism

A

cost of having a high MVO

115
Q

MVO

A

materialistic value orientation

People with a strong materialistic value orientation (MVO) believe that the acquisition of more money and expensive material possessions will improve their wellbeing and social standing.

116
Q

fairness docterine

A

a former federal policy in the US requiring television and radio broadcasters to present contrasting viewpoints on controversial issues of public importance.

117
Q

US Environmentalism

A

a movement that originated in european romanticism and a wilderness conservation fixation

frames climate change as an environmental issue, which impedes progress and contributes to tribal perspective

118
Q

misinformation

A

false information that is spread, regardless of whether there is intent to mislead

119
Q

disinformation

A

false information which is intended to mislead

120
Q

grid modernization

A

Modernizing the grid to make it “smarter” and more resilient through the use of cutting-edge technologies, equipment, and controls that communicate and work together to deliver electricity more reliably and efficiently can greatly reduce the frequency of issues

121
Q

duck curve

A

energy usage throughout the day

122
Q

plains/eastern clean line

A

a proposed 720-mile, 4,000 MW long-distance HVDC transmission line to bring wind power in Oklahoma to consumers in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States via the existing Tennessee Valley Authority grid

123
Q

SOO Green project

A

a first-of-its-kind high-capacity interregional transmission line to be installed underground along existing transportation corridors to accelerate grid decarbonization and enhance power grid reliability and climate resilience.

124
Q

energy storage

A

solution to intermittancy and lack of dispatchability

125
Q

green hydrogen

A

electrosis using renewable energy

126
Q

pink hydrogen

A

electrosis using nuclear energy

127
Q

SMR (nuclear)

A

small modular reactor. fission advanced reactor

128
Q

Sector coupling

A

integrated energy based on renewable electricity

reason why our energy system requires further digitization

129
Q

smart grid

A

an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage.

130
Q

virtual power plant

A

cloud based, aggregate variety of dispersed energy sources and therefore make selling decentralized energy easier. can create dispatchability through aggregation

131
Q

PTX fuel

A

power to x fuel

green energy is electrolyzed, synthesized, and then made into fuel and chemicals

132
Q

microgrid

A

integrates local renewables for purpose of providing sustainable energy for farm

ex butler farms microgrid

133
Q

green port

A

a port that invests in and encourages environmentally friendly and sustainable operations. These ports adopt green technologies and low and zero carbon fuels

134
Q

urban sprawl

A

rapid expansion of geographic extent of cities and towns

135
Q

biofuel

A

liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass materials called feedstocks. Biofuels may also include methane produced from landfill gas and biogas and hydrogen produced from renewable resources

ex algae based fuels

136
Q

euclid vs ambler

A

established principle and practice of land use zoning in the US

137
Q

exclusionary zoning

A

excludes types of land use from certain communities

138
Q

inclusionary zoning

A

provides incentives when a given percentage of units in a new development is low income affordable

138
Q

home rule state

A

the authority of a constituent part of a U.S. state to exercise powers of governance; i.e.: whether such powers must be specifically delegated to it by the state or are generally implicitly allowed unless specifically denied by state-level action.

139
Q

dillons rule state

A

the principal that local government only exercises (1) powers expressly granted by the state, (2) powers necessarily and fairly implied from the grant of power, and (3) powers crucial to the existence of local government.

140
Q

single use zoning

A

one kind of use is allowed per zone or district

140
Q

single family zoning

A

only allows development of single family houses

140
Q

redlining

A

financial services are with held from low income neighborhoods

141
Q

ISTEA

A

intermodual. surface transportation effeciancy act of 1991

emphasized linking linking of transportation modes

141
Q

transit oriented development

A

designed for public: places, transportation, people

142
Q

mixed use development

A

blends land uses and zoning. residential, commercial, community

143
Q

corrigan v buckley

A

leagalized resticted housing covenants

144
Q

levittown

A

black families who could afford to buy a house were denied by the developer

145
Q

robert moses

A

racist who plowed freeways through black communities in NY

146
Q

urban heat island

A

urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas

147
Q

HVDC

A

high voltage dc current. a more effecient alternative to AC current because it has more voltage regulation and therefore more flexibility

148
Q

non lithium batteries

A

batteries can store excess energy and deliever it during high demand

flow batteries (vandium), sodium batteries

149
Q

dispatchability

A

the ability of a power generation source to be controlled and adjusted according to demand or other external factors. Essentially, it’s the capability of a power plant or energy storage system to be turned on or off and to change its output level as needed to match the demand for electricity.

150
Q

intermittancy

A

the irregular or unpredictable nature of certain energy sources, particularly renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. These sources are intermittent because they depend on natural factors such as sunlight and wind speed, which can vary throughout the day, season, or geographic location.

151
Q

grey hydrogen

A

stream methane reforming of natural gas

152
Q

blue hydrogen

A

stream methane reformation of natural gas, with carbon capture

153
Q

yellow hydrogen

A

electrosis of solar energy

154
Q

electrolysis

A

process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change.

155
Q

stream methane reform

A

a process in which methane from natural gas is heated, with steam, usually with a catalyst, to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used in organic synthesis and as a fuel

156
Q

pyrolysis

A

he thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert (not chemically reactive) atmosphere

157
Q

3Ds of the grid transition

A

decarbonization, digitization, decentralization

importance of storage, demand side management, and real time pricing

158
Q

real time pricing

A

a pricing model in which businesses adjust their pricing immediately, as soon as a market change is detected.

159
Q

demand side management

A

the planning, implementing, and monitoring of activities of electric utilities. which are designed to encourage consumers to modify their level and pattern of electricity usage

160
Q

base load power

A

the minimum amount of electric power needed to be supplied to the electrical grid at any given time

161
Q

stream methane reforming

A

methane is put through a chemical reaction in order to produce Hydrogen

162
Q

3 most promising non lithium options for energy storage

A

1) flow batteires (grid scale)
2) pumped hydro (long duration)
3) hydrogen (medium to long term)

163
Q

black hydrogen

A

gassification of coal

ENEC 201 (14 decks)

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