exam 2

Question 1

Understand the basic ideas incorporated in the Affective-Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity & Exercise.

Answer 1

ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of inactivity or exercise.

Question 2

Be able to distinguish between the Type I and Type II processes in the ART of PIE.

Answer 2

Affective is type 1(fast), reflective is type 2(slow).
Type 1=initial reaction
Type 2=can result in a action plan

Question 3

Describe, generally, what social ecological approaches to studying physical activity encompass.

Answer 3

Individuals bear the responsibility for healthy behavior
Other influences are: Physical Environment
Community
Society
Government

Question 4

Why is it important to consider different domains of physical activity when using a Social Ecological approach to examine
factors related to physical activity?

Answer 4

Domains could either increase the chance of engaging in PA

Question 5

Distinguish between social influence and social support.

Answer 5

Social influence- real or imagined pressure to change one’s behavior
Social support- perceived comfort, care, assistance, info, that one receives from others.

Question 6

Know the 4 main types of social support.

Answer 6

Instrumental, Appraisal, Emotional, and Informational.

Question 7

Understand how a path diagram works (i.e., paths of direct and indirect influence).

Answer 7

Mother and Father support, Youth participation is direct influences.
Encouragement is indirect.

Question 8

Explain whether role modeling or expectancy-value gives the best explanation for the relationship between parent-child
physical activity relations.

Answer 8

Role modeling because children will share a familial resemblance.

Question 9

Describe why there may be gender differences in physical activity.

Answer 9

Parents of boys provide greater encouragement and boys enjoy PA more than girls.

Question 10

Define stereotype; describe how stereotypes might influence physical activity both in terms of age and gender.

Answer 10

A fixed idea or image of something; Societal expectations and failure to provide programs for older adults

Question 11

Describe non-biological reasons for the decline in physical activity with advancing age.

Answer 11

social expectancies- one should be less physically active as one grows older

Question 12

Describe the 4 categories of features of the built environment that can influence physical activity.

Answer 12

Functional- environment
Safety-
Aesthetics
Destination- availability of transport.

Question 13

Describe 2 methods for measuring the built environment.

Answer 13

Perceptions of the environment
Geographical Information Systems(GIS)

Question 14

Be able to describe reliable correlates of transportation-related physical activity.

Answer 14

Access to facilities
Presence of sidewalks
Aesthetics

Question 15

Know the difference between a correlational and quasi-experimental study.

Answer 15

Quasi-manipulate the environment
Correlational- doesn’t

Question 16

Describe policies that have been shown to positively influence physical activity.

Answer 16

School PE
Access to facilities
Transportation and urban planning
Practical recommendations

Question 17

What is a meta-analysis, what is it used for, and what is the main thing we gain from it?

Answer 17

Review of multiple studies.
Effect-size: measures how much an effect has on a variable

Question 18

Know the ‘structure’ of personality and the importance of that structure when it comes to environmental influence.

Answer 18

Core-center, not easily influenced
Typical response- reacts to the environment
Role-related- behaviors easily influenced

Question 19

Be aware of the ancient Greek ‘theory’ of personality in terms of what the various ‘body humors’ relate to regarding
personality.

Answer 19

Blood-optimistic
Yellow bile- irritability
Black bile-sad
Phlegm- indifferent

Question 20

What main feature of Sheldon’s Constitutional Theory is thought to define personality?

Answer 20

People’s personality is linked with their body type

Question 21

Describe the dimensions and predictions about physical activity/exercise derived from Eysenckian/Cattellian theory.

Answer 21

Introverts have higher stimuli by higher cortisol
Extraverts have lower stimuli by lower cortisol
Extraverts are more likely to engage in PA to find stimuli

Question 22

Describe the relationship between fitness and emotionality/neuroticism.

Answer 22

Higher fitness=lower neuroticism

Question 23

How are Preference for and Tolerance of exercise intensity related to extraversion?

Answer 23

Extraversion would engage and stay engaged with PA

Question 24

What are the factors in the Five Factor Model and which are primarily important for physical activity behavior?

Answer 24

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Extraversion and Neuroticism

Question 25

Understand the concept of the Maladaptive Personality Trajectory.

Answer 25

High neuroticism and low Extraversion greater risk of inactivity

Question 26

Have a general understanding of the importance of heredity on personality.

Answer 26

40-60% of genes influence personality

Question 27

Know the components of Hardiness/Dispositional Resilience.

Answer 27

Control- Keep trying
Commitment- stay involved
Challenge- accept stress is normal

Question 28

Define stress.

Answer 28

disharmony, threat to homeostasis

Question 29

Know the difference between eustress and distress?

Answer 29

Eustress- positive stress
Distress- negative stress

Question 30

How is homeostasis distinguished from allostasis?

Answer 30

homeostasis- adaptation despite changes of environment
allostasis- adaptation depending on environment/needs

Question 31

What role do appraisals play in the stress response?

Answer 31

Primary- initial assessment
Secondary- assessment of resources to cope

Question 32

How is the concept of allostatic load important in the context of stress and what implications does it have for health?

Answer 32

Involves health risk behavior(drugs, sleep, inactivity) which increases load; more stress

Question 33

Know the difference between an independent and dependent variable.

Answer 33

IV- cause/change variable
DV- static/effect

Question 34

Know the difference between what a t-test and a correlation coefficient tell us about the data.

Answer 34

T-test- compares the averages between 2 samples
correlation coefficient- number between -1 and 1 to see if variable is linearly correlated

Question 35

Be able to distinguish among the different phases of the scientific enterprise.

Answer 35

Descriptive
Hypothesis
Empirical analysis
Prediction

Question 36

Be able to define a hypothesis.

Answer 36

Testable statement about a relationship between variable