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Infectious Disease > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep throat)

A

-Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes
-Signs: Inflammation/redness in throat, pus on tonsil
-Can spread to LRS causing laryngitis and bronchitis

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2
Q

Streptococcal Pharyngitis complications

A

-Acute Glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever

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3
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

-Caused by: Streptococcus w/ lysogenic phage
-Produces rash on chest/spreads to the body, strawberry red tongue

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4
Q

Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases-Types

A

-Streptococcal Pharyngitis/complications and Scarlet fever

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5
Q

Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases: Pathogen/Virulence Factors

A

1.Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci)
-M protein, Hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins, streptolysin O, Streptokinases, C5a pepsidase
2. Streptococcus equisimilis (Group C streptococci)
-Rarely causes phayngitis

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6
Q

Diphtheria

A

-Fluid thickens into a Pseudomembrane
-Pathogen: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Virulence factors: AB toxin
-Transmission: Respiratory droplets or skin contact
-Dx/Treatment: Elek Test/Anti-toxin

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7
Q

Rhinosinusitis

A

-Streptococcus Pneumoniae (MC bacterial cause)
-Pain and inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages
-Headache, malaise, inflammation of nasal mucosa
-More common in adults than kids

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8
Q

Otitis Media

A

-Painful ear, impaired heading, delayed speech
-If ear drum ruptures, pain suddenly goes away
-More common in kids than adults

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9
Q

Pathogens for Rhinositis and Otitis Media

A

-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Haemophilus influenzae
-Moraxella catarrhalis
-Streptococcus pyogenes

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10
Q

Most common bacterial cause of rhinosinusitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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11
Q

Bacterial diseases of the upper respiratory system

A

Streptococcal Respiratory diseases (Streptococcal pharyngitis/complications, scarlet fever), Diphtheria, Rhinosinusitis, Otitis Media

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12
Q

Viral Diseases of the upper respiratory system

A

-Common cold

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13
Q

Common Cold

A

-Signs: Sneezing, rhinorrhea, congestion, sore throat
-Pathogens: Enterovirus (family Picornavridae)

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14
Q

Which of the following types of viruses does not cause the common cold?
Select one:
a. Enteroviruses
b. Adenoviruses
c. Coronaviruses
d. Reoviruses
e. Herpes viruses

A

e. Herpes viruses

Herpes viruses are not known to cause URS infections–they can cause skin infections, mononucleosis, and meningitis

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15
Q

Which population is currently receiving the adenovirus vaccine in order to prevent outbreaks?
Select one:
a. HIV/AIDS patients
b. The elderly
c. Infants
d. Military recruits

A

d. Military recruits

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16
Q

The term rhinovirus, although still commonly used, is no longer an official taxonomic term. To which type of viruses do the rhinoviruses belong?
Select one:
a. Paramyxoviruses
b. Enteroviruses
c. Reoviruses
d. Coronaviruses

A

b. Enteroviruses

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17
Q

Serotypes of which viruses that causes the common cold is also known to cause pharyngitis?
Select one:
a. Coronaviruses
b. Enteroviruses
c. Adenoviruses
d. Paramyxoviruses

A

c. Adenoviruses

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18
Q

Which of the following can be caused by normal microbiota of the URS?
Select one:
a. Common cold
b. Otitis media
c. Rheumatic fever
d. Diphtheria

A

b. Otitis media

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19
Q

Which of the following Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors interferes with phagocytosis?
Select one:
a. M protein
b. Streptokinases
c. Streptolysin O
d. Pyrogenic toxins

A

a. M protein

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20
Q

Scarlet fever is a complication of what?
Select one:
a. Salmonella
b. pertussis
c. strep throat
d. tuberculosis
e. influenza

A

c. strep throat

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21
Q

Why do most viruses that cause upper respiratory system infections not cause infections in the lower respiratory tract?
Select one:
a. Because there are more dendritic cells in the lower respiratory tract, so the 3rd line of defense is alerted faster.
b. Because they are too large and they cannot enter the alveoli.
c. Because the temperature in the lower respiratory system is to high and does not match the optimal temperature of
reproduction of these viruses.
d. Because the receptor on the host cells is not found in the lower respiratory

A

c. Because the temperature in the lower respiratory system is to high and does not match the optimal temperature of

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system (URS)?
Select one:
a. Pharynx
b. Eustachian tube
c. Larynx
d. Uvula

A

c. Larynx

The uvula is the URS structure closest to the lower respiratory system

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23
Q

A pseudomembrane obstructing the airway is indicative of?
Select one:
a. coronavirus
b. pertussis
c. diphtheria
d. thrush
e. SARS

A

c. diphtheria

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24
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia

A

-Inflammation of lungs, alveoli and bronchioles (gas exchange)
-Caused by bacterial-more serious, viruses or fungi
-Differentiated by: affected region of the lung, organism causing it, location of acquisition

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25
Q

Pneumoccoccal Pneumonia

A

-Etiologic Agent: Streptococcus Pneumoniae
-Symptoms: Rust or pink colored sputum
-Pathogenesis: Airborne droplets, autoinoculation
-Most common type of bacterial pneumonia (85%)
-Most common in fall and winter
-Vaccine recommended for children (<2 years) and older adults (>65 years)

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26
Q

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

A

-Also called mycoplasmal pneumonia or walking pneumonia
-Pathogen: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-Leading type of pneumonia in high school and college students
-Pathogenesis: Binding at the base of the cilia
-Transmission: Inhalation/close contact
-Treatment: Antimicrobials

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27
Q

Klebsiella Pneumonia

A

-Pathogen: Klebsiella pneumoniae (Opportunistic)
-Symptoms: Thick bloodly sputum and recurrent chills *
-Transmission: Inhalation
-Can cause mortality if untreated
-Gram negative bacteria are the leading cause of nosocomial infections

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28
Q

Other Bacterial Pneumonias

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, pneumonic plague, chlamydias

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29
Q

Legionnaires Disease

A

-Pathogen: Legionella pneumophila
-Symptoms: Rapid decline of lung function, pleurisy
-Pathogenesis: Intercellular parasite of protozoa (amoebae)
-Transmission: Inhalation and aerosolized water
-Epidemiology: Can survive heat and chlorination, at greater risk in smokers, elderly, patients with resp disease
-Treatment: Antibiotics; 50% of patients die if untreated

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30
Q

Tuberculosis

A

-Breathing difficulty, fatigue, malaise, weight loss…
-Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
-Virulence Factors: Mycolic acid(Prevents lysis), cord factor
-Pathogenesis: Primary TB (lower lobes)-Granuloma (After 3 months), secondary TB (higher lobes), disseminated TB
-A very common disease, leading disease killed in world
-Prevention: Vaccine (can’t be used in immunocompromised)

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31
Q

Pertussis

A

-Pathogen: Boratella pertussis*
-Symptoms: Severe cough starts after 1-2 weeks, patient may develop cyanosis,
-Virulence factors: Filamentous agglutinin, petussis toxin, others
-Pathogenesis: Petussis toxin* (triggers more receptors for filamentous hemagglutinin)
-Transmission: Highly contagious through respiratory droplets
-Life threatening in children <5 years

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32
Q

Inhalation Anthrax

A

-Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis*
-Virulence factors: Capsule, anthrax toxin
-Contracted from infected animals via inhalation of endospores
-Tx: Penicillin/Vaccine for military personnel

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33
Q

Influenza

A

-Sudden high fever, pharyngitis, congestion, dry cough, malaise, headache, myalgia
-Pathogens: Influenzavirus A and B, Antigenic drift-Seasonal epidemics, antigenic shift*-more likely to cause mortality (less common)
-Transmission: Airborne droplets, person-to-person contact, contaminated fomites

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34
Q

Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome

A

-Signs/Symptoms: High fever, shortness of breath, malaise body aches, diarrhea
-Pathogen: Coronaviruses*
-Transmission: Respiratory droplets/adhere to lungs, can spread via blood
-Treatment: Vaccines

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35
Q

RSV

A

-Signs/symptoms: Croup-Barking cough, difficulty breathing
-Leading cause of bronchitis
-Pathogen: RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
-Transmission: Person to person-most common, respiratory droplets
-Virus triggers formation of syncytia*
-Treatment: Soap/water/disinfectants

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36
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

A

-Fever, fatigue, muscle aches, some headache, chills, GI symproms,
-50% fatality rate d/t pneumonia and shock
-Pathogen: Hantavirus*
-Disease is contracted by inhalation of dried mouse urine, feces or saliva containing the virus*
-Transmission: Enters blood following inhalation

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37
Q

Fungal disease of the LRS

A

-Coccidiodomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis

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38
Q

Mycoses of the LRS

A

-Coccidiomycosis, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis
-Acquired through the inhalation of fungal spores in environment

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39
Q

Coccidiomycosis

A

-Pathogen: Coccidiodes immites* and C.Posadasii*
-Valley fever; Southwestern US/Northern Mexico
-May have diffuse rash on trunk

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40
Q

Blastomycosis

A

-Pathogen: Blastomyces dermatidis*
-Southeast US to Canada
-Cutaneous form causing painless lesions on face and upper body

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41
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

-Pathogen: Histoplasma capsulatum*
-Spelunkers Disease; East US
-Most commonly asymptomatic; In AIDS patients enlarged spleen and liver, type I hypersensitivity

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42
Q

Bacterial infections of the LRS

A

Bacterial pneumonia, Legionnaires disease, tuberculosis, pertussis, inhalation anthrax

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43
Q

First and second line of defence in LRS

A

Cilated mucous membrane lines trachea/bronchi/bronchioles, alveolar macrophages, IgA in mucus

44
Q

Viral Diseases in LRS

A

Influenza, Coronavirus respiratory syndrome, RSV, Hantavirus

45
Q

Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System

A

Peptic ulcer disease, Bacterial gastroenteritis, Staphylococcal food poisoning

46
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

-Signs/Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain* (usually end up in the ER), nausea, vomitting, heart burn, chest pain, black tar-like stool*
-Pathogen: Helicobacter pylori*
-Transmission: Fecal-oral route
-Virulence Factors: Protein that inhibits HCl production, urease (breaks down urea, producting ammonia)
-Treatment: Antimicrobials, proper food handling, sewage treatment/water purification
-Studies show that this could lead to esophageal cancer

47
Q

Shigellosis (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)

A

-Signs/symptoms: Fever, abdominal cramps, bloody stool
-Pathogen: Shigella (four species)
-Virulence Factors: Enterotoxins(diarhhea), Shiga toxin(stops protein synthesis to host cells)*, type III secretion system
-Epidemiology: 165 mil cases/year
-Transmission: poor sanitation (fecal-oral route)

48
Q

Traveler’s Diarrhea (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)

A

-Pathogen: Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia Coli*
-Virulence Factors: Fimbriae, adhesions, shiga-like toxin (caused RBC lysis, can lead to kidney failure), EHEC
-Epidemiology: 0157: H7 found in up to 50% of beef carcasses in US

49
Q

Campylobacter Diarrhea (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)

A

Most common bacterial gastroenteritis in US
-Signs/symptoms: Bleeding lesions in jejunum, ileum, and colon
-Pathogen: Campylobacter jejuni*
-Epidemiology: Chickens (81%), common in other fowl, birds, water
-Can cause: IBS, arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
-Prevention: Clean contaminated kitchen surfaces, cook food to proper temperature (>165 degrees), avoid beaches

50
Q

C. Diff Diarrhea

A

-AKA: antimicrobial-associated diarrhea
-Signs/Symptoms: Clear, watery, foul-smelling bowel movements/day, Can escalate to psendomembranous colitis (highly inflammatory intestinal lesions)*
-Pathogen: Clostridium difficile*
-Pathogenesis: Antimicrobials can kill good bacteria
-Virulence Factors: AB Toxin
-Treatment: Use of probiotics (Lactobacillus), fecal transplants; NO ANTIDIARRHEAL meds

51
Q

Bacterial Gastroenteritis (Food poisoning)

A

-Inflammation of stomach or intestines, caused by bacteria
-Transmission: Poorly prepared foods, contaminated water, poor living conditions
-Signs/symptoms: Quick abdominal pains/cramps, can lead to vomitting, diarrhea, loose stools-dysentery
-Common
-Diagnosis: Fecal smear, nucleic acid tests
-Treatment: Usually go away on their own
-Prevention: Proper handling of food: Washing raw food, cooking temperature, washing hands and utensils…

52
Q

Salmonellosis

A

-Pathogen: Salmonella enterica, found in intestines in most vertebrates, >2500 serotypes/strains
-Virulence factors: Resistant to stomach acid, type III secretion system
-Pathogenesis: Eating of cooking with contaminated egg
-Self limiting within a week

53
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

-Pathogen: Salmonella enterica, found in intestines in most vertebrates, >2500 serotypes/strains
-Virulence factors: Resistant to stomach acid, type III secretion system
-Pathogenesis: Food or water contaminated with feces from a carrier of S. Enterica Typhi or Paratyphi
-Asymptomatic; can affect spleen, bone marrow, gall bladder
-Treated by antibiotics

54
Q

Cholera

A

-Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae; caused by specific strains such as O139, environment of the human body
-Virulence Factors: Cholera toxin (AB toxin), stimulates cell to secrete elecrolytes and promotes water loss; dehydration, thirst, metabolic acidosis, death-poor access to sanitation
-Signs/Symptoms: “Rice-water” diarrhea
-Prevention: Access to clean water/sanitation, boiling of water, properly cooking fish

55
Q

Bacterial Intoxication

A

-Food poisionings caused by toxins, microbe itself may not be present
-Signs/symptoms: Short incubation time, nausea, vomiting, diarhhea, abdominal cramping, discomfort, bloating, loss of appetite, fever

56
Q

Staphylococcal food poisioning

A

Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus*
-Common Foods: Processed meats, custard pastries, potato salad, ice cream
-Virulence factors: Heat-stable enterotoxins, Salt-tolerance

57
Q

Which of the following conditions has the shortest incubation time (a few hours)?

Select one:

a.E. coli O157:H7

b.Cholera

c.Shigellosis

d.Campylobacter diarrhea

e.Staphylococcal food poisoning

A

e.Staphylococcal food poisoning

58
Q

Source of infection: Salmonellosis

A

Reptiles

59
Q

Source of infection: E. coli O157:H7

A

Beef

60
Q

Source of infection: Cholera

A

Contaminated Water

61
Q

Source of infection: Staphylococcal food poisoning

A

Potato Salad

62
Q

Which of the following is considered a healthcare associated infection?

Select one:

a.C. diff diarrhea

b.Cholera

c.E. coli O157:H7

d.Shigellosis

e.Typhoid fever

A

a.C. diff diarrhea

63
Q

The order of magnitude of the number of bacterial cells in the lower small intestine and colon is _____________.

Select one:

a.quadrillions

b.trillions

c.billions

d.millions

A

b.trillions

64
Q

What is the etiologic agent of traveler’s diarrhea?

Select one:

a.Staphylococcus aureus

b.Salmonella enterica

c.Campylobacter jejuni

d.Shigella sonnei

e.Escherichia coli

A

e.Escherichia coli

65
Q

For which of the following gastroenteritis diseases is rice-water stool a typical sign?

Select one:

a.Typhoid fever

b.Traveler’s diarrhea

c.Cholera

d.Salmonellosis

e.Campylobacter diarrhea

A

c.Cholera

66
Q

Which of the following is the temperature danger zone, where pathogens can multiply and eventually can cause some type of food poisoning?

Select one:

a.33-41°F

b.41-135°F

c.81-135°F

d.41-105°F

A

b.41-135°F

67
Q

Which type of bacterial gastroenteritis is associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome?

Select one:

a.Campyloacter diarrhea

b.Cholera

c.Salmonellosis

d.Shigellosis

e.E. coli O157:H7 infection

A

a.Campyloacter diarrhea

68
Q

Which of the following can be transmitted by an asymptomatic carrier?

Select one:

a.E. coli O157:H7

b.Salmonella enterica Typhi

c.Shigella dysenteriae

d.Vibrio cholerae

e.Campylobacter je

A

b.Salmonella enterica Typhi

69
Q

Viral Diseases of the digestive system

A

Oral herpes, mumphs, viral gastroenteritis, hepatitis

70
Q

Fungal diseases in the digestive system

A

Thrush

71
Q

Protozoan diseases of the digestive system

A

Giardiasis, cryptospoidosis, amoebiasis,

72
Q

Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System

A

Taeniasis, Entetobiasis, sushi-related helminthic parasites

73
Q

Sushi-related helminthic parasites

A

Anisakdosis, diphyllobothriasis

74
Q

Oral Herpes

A

-Signs/symptoms: Cold sores extending into the oral cavity; Usually asymptomatic in young children (80% are infected by age 2)
-Pathogen: HHV-1*
-Epidemiology: Spreads easily through open lesions, as well as contaminated fomites
-Treatments: Antivirals, don’t share toiletries

75
Q

Mumps

A

-Virus infects salivary glands, particularly the parotid*
-Pathogen: Mumps virus*
-Signs/symptoms: Parotitis (parotid gland swelling); can spread via flood and infect other organs (testes, ears-deafness)
-Epidemiology: Spread through respiratory droplets (highly contagious), enter through mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract
-Tx: MMR vaccine

76
Q

Viral Gastroenteritis

A

-Signs/symptoms: Similar to bacterial gastroenteritis, but less severe
Pathogens: Calciviruses/astroviruses, rotaviruses*
-Epidemiology: Outbreaks in the winter are common, rotaviral (more common in infants), noroviral (90% of non-bacterial gastrointestinal infections)
-Treatment: Support fluid/electrolyte loss, prevention (adequate sewage treatment, water purification, good hygiene), oral vaccine against rotaviruses

77
Q

Hepatitis

A

-Inflammation of liver caused by infection, autoimmune disease, alcohol abuse, genetic disorders
-Signs/symptoms: Hep A: fever, Hep B: vomitting/joint pain*, Hep C: dark urine, Hep E: vomiting and dark urine
-Pathogens: HAV, HBV, HCV-most deadly, HDV HEV
-No vaccine for HCV or HEV

78
Q

Hepatitis: Portal of Entry

A

-A and E: ingestion (fecal-oral) EAT
-B,C and delta: parenternal transmission (needles, sex, birth)

79
Q

Prevention of Hepatitis

A

-HAV/HEV: wash hands, cooks food, avoid contaminated H2O
-HBV, HCV, HDV: Avoid sharing needles, use condoms

80
Q

Thrush

A

-Candidiasis in mouth/throat (oropharyngeal), potentially esophageal; oppotunistic infection
-Signs/symptoms: White patches in mouth, redness or soreness,
-Pathogen: Candida
-At Risk: Immunocompromised individuals
-Also common in: Infants

81
Q

Gardiasis

A

-Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis*, formed as a cyst
-Fairly common water-borne gastrointestinal disease in US
-Signs/symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption; sometimes can be asymptomatic
-Pathogenesis: Cysts survive passage through stomach, trophozoites emerge from cysts in the small intestine; results in malnutrition and bulky feces
-Treatment/Prevention: Lots of fluids; boil water/water filtration

82
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

-Pathogen: Cryptosporidium sp.*, banana-shaped protozoan
-Epidemiology: Approx 30% of people in developing countries
-Signs/symptoms: Severe watery diarrhea, several times per dat, lasts about two weeks
-Outbreaks associated with swimming pools
-Treatment/Prevention: Avoid contaminated water or food

83
Q

Amebiasis

A

-Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica*: Virulent, avirulent, cysts/trophyzoites
-Transmission: fecal-oral route
-Signs/symptoms: Luminal amebiasis, amebic dysentery, invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
-Tx: Antiamebic drugs, rehydration, avoid undercooked veggies/water in areas affected

84
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

85
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

86
Q

Taeniasis or Tapeworm infestations

A

-Signs/symptoms: Usually asymptomatic; In rase cases causes nausea, weight loss, diarrhea; long worms may block intestine
-Life cycle: Human is primary host, pig is intermediate host
-Epidemiology: Found worldwide, where pork/beef=food; Highest infestation in poor rural areas
-Treatment/prevention: Cooking/freezing meat, meat inspection, good sewage treatment

87
Q

Pinworm Infestation

A

-Signs/symptoms: Intense perianal itching; 1/3 asymptomatic
-Pathogen/Infestation: Enterobius vermicularis = pinworm, nematode (roundworm), helminth
-Epidemiology: Usually in children or in overcrowded conditions
-Treatment: Prescription drug

88
Q

Anisakidosis

A

-Sushi-related helminthic parasites
-Herring worm disease
-Pathogen: Anisakis simplex
-Signs/symptoms: typically asymptomatic
-Epidemiology: Prevelance unknown

89
Q

Diphyllobothriasis

A

-Fish tape worm disease
-Pathogen: Diphyllobothrium sp*
-Most important fish-borne zoonosis
-Freezing effectively kills pathogen

90
Q

Cryptosporidosis: Etiology

A

Protozoa

91
Q

Thrush: Etiologic Agent

A

Fungi

92
Q

Mumps: Etiologic Agent

A

Viruses

93
Q

Anisakidosis: Etiologic Agent

A

Helminths

94
Q

Giardiasis: Etiologic Agent

A

Protozoa

95
Q

Enterobiasis: Etiologic Agent

A

Helminths

96
Q

The mumps virus infects which of the following?

Select one:

a.The pancreas

b.The gall bladder

c.Salivary glands

d.The liver

e.The stomach

A

c.Salivary glands

97
Q

Which of the following has caused many outbreaks on cruise ships?

Select one:

a.Anisakis

b.Rotavirus

c.Cryptosporidium

d.Hepatitis delta virus

e.Norovirus

A

e.Norovirus

98
Q

Which of the following can be contracted from Sushi containing raw fish?

Select one:

a.Giardia

b.Taenia

c.Hepatitis C virus

d.Diphyllobothrum

e.Candida

A

d.Diphyllobothrum

99
Q

Which of the following statement is true for human herpes virus 1 and Candida?

Select one:

a.They are both food-borne diseases

b.They can cause disease in the esophagus in HIV/AIDS patients

c.They both have a latent stage

d.They are both part of the microbiome of the intestinal system.

A

b.They can cause disease in the esophagus in HIV/AIDS patients

100
Q

Which other hepatitis virus needs to be also present in a patient for hepatitis delta to successfully replicate?

Select one:

a.Hepatitis B virus

b.Hepatitis A virus

c.Hepatitis C virus

d.Hepatitis E virus

A

a.Hepatitis B virus

101
Q

Hepatitis A: Mode of Transmission

A

Food-borne

102
Q

Hepatitis B: Mode of Transmission

A

Parenternal Route

103
Q

Hepatitis C: Mode of Transmission

A

Parenternal Route

104
Q

Hepatitis E: Mode of Transmission

A

Food-Borne

105
Q

Term for a large number of bacteria that are actively driving

A

Septicemia

106
Q

Compare the symptoms of these STDS
-Gonorrhea
-Syphillis
-Chlamydia
-Genital Herpes

A

-Chlamydia: lymphogranuloma venereum causing bubos
-Syphillis: Chancre/gumma lesions
-Gonorrhea: Painful urination, pus-filled discharge
-Genital Herpes: Lesions on genitals

Infectious Disease (6 decks)

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