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Anatomy > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations

A

true

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2
Q

smooth muscle cells produce movement of the body and generate heat

A

false

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3
Q

all muscles have at least two attachments: the origin and the insertion

A

true

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4
Q

the neurotransmitter used by the nervous system to activate skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine

A

true

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5
Q

the formation of cross-brides requires both calcium ions and ATP

A

true

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6
Q

isometric contractions produce movement when filaments slide past one another and the muscle shortens

A

false

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7
Q

the fastest mechanism for producing ATP is aerobic respiration

A

false

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8
Q

aerobic, or endurance, exercise involves jogging or biking

A

true

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9
Q

striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as _______ muscle

A

cardiac

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10
Q

which term does not describe smooth muscle cells?

A

skeletal

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11
Q

what organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as

A

contractility

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13
Q

one neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as

A

motor unit

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14
Q

the heads of the myosin myofilaments are called _______ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction

A

cross bridges

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15
Q

what is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma

A

action potential

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16
Q

according to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur

A

myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide

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17
Q

the method the regenerates the most ATP during muscle activity is

A

aerobic pathway

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18
Q

a smooth, sustained contraction, with no evidence of relaxation, is called

A

fused, or complete, tetanus

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19
Q

leaning against an immovable wall while waiting for a bus is a type of

A

isometric contraction

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20
Q

the point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the

A

origin

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21
Q

Jason injured his hamstring muscle group during football practice, he will be unable to perform

A

thigh extension and knee flexion

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22
Q

striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is

A

cardiac muscle

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23
Q

what is covered by the endomysium

A

an individual muscle cell

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24
Q

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the

A

saecolemma

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25
Q

what creates the alternating light and dark bands the provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue

A

A bands and I bands

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26
Q

not a function of the muscular system

A

blood cell formation

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27
Q

which is composed mostly of the protein myosin

A

thick filaments

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28
Q

what is released by axon terminals into synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract

A

neurotransmitter

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29
Q

which organelle stores calcium in muscle fibers

A

sarcoplasmic

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30
Q

why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction

A

calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to acting filaments

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31
Q

the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the

A

synaptic cleft

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32
Q

what must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization

A

sodium ions

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33
Q

what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline to prevent continued contraction of the muscle fiber

A

acetylcholinesterase

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34
Q

skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. what is this concept called?

A

graded response

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35
Q

a skeletal muscle twitch differs from a tetanic contraction in that

A

the muscle twitch is a brief and “jerky” movement, while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous

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36
Q

the condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by

A

the inability to generate sufficient quantities of ATP due to feedback regulation of synthesis

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37
Q

the state of continuous partial muscle contractions is known as

A

muscle tone

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38
Q

which type of the following is a type of isometric exercise in which muscles increase in size and strength

A

lifting weights

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39
Q

which movement is antagonistic to extension

A

flexion

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40
Q

which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body

A

pectoralis major

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41
Q

what is the main function of the quadriceps group

A

knee extension

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42
Q

which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembransosus, and semitendinosus

A

hamstring group

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43
Q

which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back

A

latissimus dorsi

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44
Q

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

A

aceytlcholinestersae

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45
Q

electrical current that travels the length of the sarcolemma that results in the contraction of the muscle fiber

A

action potential

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46
Q

gap between the axon terminals and the plasma membrane of the neighboring muscle cell

A

synaptic cleft

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47
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores this chemical

A

calcium ions

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48
Q

chemical that enters a muscle cells upon excitation

A

sodium ions

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49
Q

specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells

A

acetylcholine

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50
Q

type of movement that turns the sole of the foot medially

A

inversion

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51
Q

the movement of a limb away from the body midline

A

abduction

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52
Q

type of movement that points the toes

A

plantar flexion

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53
Q

the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

A

rotation

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54
Q

type of movement that decrease the angle of the joint

A

flexion

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55
Q

type of movement that allows you to carry a soup bowl

A

supination

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56
Q

the movement of a limb toward the body midline

A

adduction

57
Q

discuss the role of the myosin heads in sliding filament theory

A

myosin heads link thick and thin and thin filaments together in order to cause contraction in the muscles, they cause muscle contraction by attaching and detaching from thin filaments which results in the shortening of the thin filaments

58
Q

what are the two main structural subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

59
Q

what cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

60
Q

support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called

A

neuroglia

61
Q

the part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the

A

axon

62
Q

the gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called

A

nodes of ranvier

63
Q

sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed

A

proprioceptors

64
Q

Mr. warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being carried from the CNS to muscles or glands. what specific type of neuron has been damaged?

A

motor neuron

65
Q

myelinated fibers (tracts) form _______ matter while unmyelinated fibers from ________ matter?

A

white; gray

66
Q

what type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways

A

interneurons (association neurons)

67
Q

the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the

A

diencephalon (interbrain)

68
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as

A

choroid plexus

69
Q

the brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called

A

meninges

70
Q

the blood-brain barrier is formed by _____ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain

A

tight

71
Q

the hypothalamus regulates the

A

pituitary gland

72
Q

the large fiber tractor allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the…

A

corpus callosum

73
Q

what portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex

A

thalamus

74
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord

A

31

75
Q

which pair of cranial nerves is mismatched with its name

A

cranial nerves II: oculomotor

76
Q

which cranial nerve pairs are purely motor and control eye movement

A

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

77
Q

the largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ______ plexus nerve

A

sacral nerve

78
Q

damage to the cranial nerve plexus can cause problems with…

A

breathing

79
Q

each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral…

A

ramus

80
Q

what division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the “rest-and-digest” division

A

parasympathetic

81
Q

what ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

82
Q

what neurological cells contribute to the surface of the blood-brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

83
Q

fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous systems are

A

both somatic and sensory

84
Q

the term central nervous system refers to the

A

brain and spinal cord

85
Q

what is the primary role of the interneuron (association neurons)

A

connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

86
Q

how are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified

A

multipolar

87
Q

what are the two major functional properties of neurons

A

irritability and conductivity

88
Q

the gap between two communicating neurons is termed

A

synaptic cleft

89
Q

which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

A

receptor, sensory neurons, integration center, motor neuron, effector

90
Q

Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. what type of reflex is this?

A

withdrawal reflex

91
Q

which of the following indicated damage to the primary motor area?

A

involuntarily move skeletal muscles

92
Q

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but cant vocalize the words. the part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the

A

Broca’s area

93
Q

the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the

A

brain stem

94
Q

the hypothalamus is the “emotional-visceral” center of the brain and, this is an important part of the

A

limbic system

95
Q

which meningeal layer is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

subarachnoid space

96
Q

control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the…

A

hypothalamus

97
Q

the vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the

A

medulla oblongata

98
Q

wendy had a few alcoholic drinks and then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?

A

cerebrum

99
Q

which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layer of the meninges

A

duar matter, arachnoid mater, pia mater

100
Q

cerebrospinal fluid_____

A

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

101
Q

the blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of______.

A

metabolic waste such as urea

102
Q

what do the ventral roots and dorsal roots fuse to form?

A

spinal nerves

103
Q

which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior

A

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

104
Q

which of the following parts of a spinal nerve contains sensory nerves only?

A

dorsal root ganglion

105
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves branch from the furnace of the brain?

A

twelve

106
Q

people with bruxism (grinding or clenching the jaw either while awake or asleep) can inflame a cranial nerve, _____ that innervates the masseter muscle

A

cranial nerve V: trigeminal

107
Q

we have often heard not to go fro a swim after eating a large meal; we need to guide out food time to digest before exercising. which divisions are competing for control?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

108
Q

preparing the body for the “flight-or-fight” response during threatening situations is the role of the…

A

I. olfactory
II. optic
III. oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulococlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal

109
Q

please describe the cranial nerves that are lesioned if Lucy loses her ability to both mover her tongue and taste food

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal

110
Q

true or false: A babys movements are all gross types of movements

A

true

111
Q

true or false: body weight begins to increase as muscle mass declines

A

false

112
Q

true or false:the prognosis for myasthenia gravis is that it usually leads to respiratory failure

A

true

113
Q

true or false: spinal bifida is the largest single cause of physical disability in children

A

false

114
Q

true or false: the nervous system forms late into fetal development

A

false

115
Q

an inherited disease that causes muscles to generate and atrophy is known as

A

muscular dystrophy

116
Q

what condition results if muscles are not used, such as when immobilized in a cast for a healing broken bone

A

atrophy

117
Q

what is the cause of ALS

A

unknown

118
Q

in early infancy, this disease cause an infants neck to remain rotated towards one side?

A

torticollis

119
Q

what is a characteristic for flaccid paralysis

A

muscle atrophy

120
Q

what is not a characteristic of myasthenia gravis

A

muscle atrophy

121
Q

how does duchennes musculat dystrophy different from muscular dystrophy

A

almost exclusively affects boys

122
Q

which disease has a prognosis of 3-5 years

A

ASL

123
Q

what can help offset the effects of aging

A

regular exercise

124
Q

skeletal muscle is extremely resistant to infection because of_____?

A

rich blood supply

125
Q

hydrocephalus is described as______.

A

water in the brain

126
Q

Nervous system grows and matures throughout childhood due to increased_____

A

myelination

127
Q

what is a neuromuscular condition in which brain damage leads to a lack a of control, with spastic movement?

A

cerebral palsy

128
Q

which neuromuscular disease is an autoimmune disorder of the CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

129
Q

who would be most likely to have heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers

A

type a person

130
Q

what is the leading cause of accidental death in the us

A

traumatic brain injuries

131
Q

what is the loss of ability to use or understand language that is cause by strokes called

A

aphasia

132
Q

what is the usual cause for nervous system deterioration

A

circulatory problems

133
Q

a mother who smokes, does drugs, gets radiation during pregnancy may sentence her baby to death because of their effects on

A

blood flow

134
Q

characterized by the incomplete formation of the vertebrae, often in the lumbosacral region

A

spina bifida

135
Q

what is treated surgically by inserting a shunt to drain the excess fluid

A

hydrocephalus

136
Q

closely associated with dementia

A

alzheimers

137
Q

brain damage that cannot be reversed

A

contusion

138
Q

condition in which brain tissue is deprived of a blood supply

A

stroke

139
Q

meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord. what would be the cause if this

A

either virus or bacteria

Anatomy (16 decks)

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