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Biology 225 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Steps of how Action Potential is translated by the Brain (3)

A
  1. Sensor Stimulation
  2. Stimulus is translated to AP this is the common language of the nervous system
  3. Action Potential is translated by the Brain
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2
Q

When the Optic Nerve is stimulated with Photons, how is the Action Potential Perceived?

A

As Light

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3
Q

When the Auditory Nerve is Stimulated with Sound waves, how is the Action Potential Perceived?

A

As Sound

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4
Q

What is the Common Language of the Nervous System? and needs to be translated by the?

A

Action Potentials, Brain

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to? and examples include? (2)

A

Chemicals
Taste and Smell

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to? and examples include? (4)

A

Mechanical Manipulation
Mammalian Ear, Lateral line in Fish, Stretch Receptors in Muscles, Touch Receptors.

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7
Q

Photoreceptors respond to? and a example include?

A

Photons
Photoreceptors in the eyes

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Sensitivity to Cold and Hot

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9
Q

Nociceptors are?

A

Pain Receptors

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10
Q

When there is a Intense Stimulation of a receptor, this can be preceived as?

A

Pain

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11
Q

Electroreceptors respond to? and what animal has these types of receptors?

A

Electrical fields
Sharks

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12
Q

Itch receptors respond to?

A

Chemicals like Histamines

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13
Q

Magnetoreceptors respond to How are these used in animals?

A

Magnetic fields
Birds and Turtles navigate using the earth’s magnetic field.

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14
Q

What opens a channel that releases neurotransmitters before generating AP? Taste buds or Smell Receptors?

A

Taste Buds

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15
Q

What uses Olfactory receptors which is a neuron. When something is smelled it creates an AP that goes directly from the neuron to the brain.
Taste buds or Smell Receptors?

A

Smell Receptors

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16
Q

What responds to deep pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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17
Q

What responds to Light Pressure?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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18
Q

What type of receptor has Ion channels that open and close due to pressure used against them?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

Where are Hormones produced?

A

Endocrine System

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20
Q

Glands and Hormones-
Exocrine produces what type of products and from where? WHat does it Not Produce?

A

Seat Glands, Salivary Glands
Hormones

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21
Q

Endocrine releases the Hormones where and has No….

A

Circulatory System and Ducts

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22
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes features? (7)

A

Triploblastic, Bilateral,
Have NO Skeletal Circulatory and Respiratory system.
Are parasitic and free-living.
Protostomes

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23
Q

When a animal Lacks a head but have sensors on the side of their body to make up for the lack of a head is called?

A

Bilateral

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24
Q

When a animal is Triploblastic this means it has? (3)

A

Mesoderm, Endoderm, and Ectoderm

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25
Q

How do planarians ingest their food?

A

When the Pharynx elongates it will squeeze the muscles around the pharynx to suck up food particles into the Gastrovascular cavity.

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26
Q

What does the Flame Cell do?

A

The Flame Cell regulates the bodies fluid through Osmoregulation/Excretion

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27
Q

What is the Oral Sucker used for?

A

To Pump Bile into the Mouth

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28
Q

What does the Uterus store?

A

Fertilized Eggs

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29
Q

What does the Ovary produce?

A

Eggs

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30
Q

What does the Vitellaria (Yolk Gland) produce?

A

Yolk

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31
Q

What do the Seminal Receptacles store and from where?

A

Sperm from the Fluke

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32
Q

What does the Testis store?

A

Sperm

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33
Q

What does the Gonophore Store? and aids in what type of Fertilization?

A

Stores both Eggs and Sperm as well as Sperm from Fluke for Cross-Fertilization.

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34
Q

Diverticular Disease- Uncommon in people before the age of?

A

40

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35
Q

Diverticular Disease is seen more than 50% of people over the age of? and where?

A

60 The U.S.

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36
Q

Define Diverticulitis and what it can causes? (3)

A

Inflammation of the Diverticula- Rupture, Bleeding and Infection

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37
Q

Define Diverticulosis-

A

Formation of Diverticula

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38
Q

What are (3) Physical Features Rotifers and Nematodes share?

A

Space for Reproductive Organs
Have Hydrostatic Organ
Complete Digestive System

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39
Q

What does the Hydrostatic Organ do?

A

Adjusts the fluid in the body.

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40
Q

What is a True Coelom completely surrounded by?

A

Mesoderm

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41
Q

Define Scolex

A

The head region with suckers with a mouth surrounded by hooks

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42
Q

Define Proglottids, type of fertilization and Reproduction

A

Male and Female reproduction structure asexual cross-fertilization

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43
Q

Define Strobila

A

Section of Proglottids

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44
Q

Rotifers and Nematodes have these (3) Characteristics

A

Have space for Reproductive Organs
Have a Hydrostatic Organ
Have a complete Digestive system

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45
Q

Rotifers and Nematodes are also (2)

A

Pseudocoel and Bilateral

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46
Q

Explain the difference between a True Coelom and a Pseudocoel.

A

A true Coelom is completely surrounded by the Mesoderm and the

Pseudocoel is in-between the Endoderm and Mesoderm

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47
Q

Rotferia have these (5) Characteristics

A

Benthic (Bottom Dwellers)

Space for Reproduction Organs

Hydrostatic Organ

Complete Digestive System

Bilateral

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48
Q

The Rotifera has these (3) structures for Feeding

A

Corona, Mastax and Cloaca

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49
Q

What is a Cloaca?

A

Combined opening for both Urine and Fecal Matter

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50
Q

What is the Reproduction of Rotifera?

A

Amictic and Mictic

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51
Q

What is the General information about Nematoda’s? (3)

A

500,000 species
Found Everywhere
Many parasitic

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52
Q

Form and Function of Nematodes (Worms)- (5)

A

Cylindrical

Cuticle made up of Collagen

Movement through thrashing due to Longitudinal muscles

Dioecious (Male and Female)

In internal fertilization, the sperm moves via pseudopods.

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53
Q

Define Amictic Reproduction-

A

No mixing of Genetics all Female Diploid cells pop. Creates Copies of themselves and still produce eggs. Involves Parthenogenesis.

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54
Q

Define Mictic Reproduction-

A

Forms two Haploid Cells through Meiosis. Males are Haploid Cells, and the Females are Diploid Cells. This is called Haplo-Diploid gender Determination.

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55
Q

Rotifers can have either _______ or ________ Reproduction

A

Asexual or Sexual

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56
Q

What is the Mantle Cavity used for?

A

Respiration and Feeding

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57
Q

What is the Mantle used for?

A

Protection

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58
Q

Polyplacophora (Chitons) have theses (4) things

A

Dorsoventrally flattened

8 Plates

Cling to Intertidal Rocks

Water Flows over the Gills

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59
Q

What are the (6) Characteristics of Gastropoda? (Snails)

A

Nudibranchs (Naked Gills)

Eat Cnidaria (Jellys)

Has Nematocysts in cnidocytes

Has Radula Tooth w/Poison

Harpoon Prey

Some Gastropoda are lethal to us (Cone Snail)

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60
Q

What are the (3) Characteristics of Bivalvia? (Clams)

A

2 Valves in the Shell, closes shell with an adductor

Opens via hinge Ligament

Opens Valve to draw water in through the incurrent siphon to cross over the gills

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61
Q

What is the Physcial Structure of Bivalvia? (5)

A

Foot with Gonads and intestines the foot is used for movement

Gills

Mantle and Cavity

Shell has Valves

Filter Feeding

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62
Q

What is the Reproduction of Bivalvia for External Fertilization?

A

Gametes out via excurrent siphon

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63
Q

What is the Reproduction of Bivalvia in Freshwater Internal Fertilization?

A

Specialized Veliger, (Glochidia= Parasitic Larva) Is developed in the Gills and then is attached to the gills of a fish. Which will drop off in a few weeks.

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64
Q

What are the 4 Animals classified as Cephalopoda? Also regarding if they have a shell

A

Octopus- No Shell

Squid- No Shell

Nautilus- Shell

Cuttlefish- (Cuttle “Bone”)

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65
Q

Where does the Nautilus in? Also where does it live in it’s shell?

A

Lives in the last Chamber

Found in Oceans Indonesia and Australia

66
Q

What is a pulmonate Snail?

A

Pulmonate snails have highly vascularized tissue instead of Lungs to extract oxygen.

67
Q

What is the Radula of a Cone of a Pulmonate Snail?

A

Radula is a highly modified tooth is used to attack and paralyze Prey.

68
Q

What is the Rasping tongue used for?

A

To scrape algae off the rocks.

69
Q

How does a pearl form?

A

Pearls are formed by a piece of sand or material placed under the mantle.

70
Q

What is the problem with Zebra Mussels?

A

Zebra Mussels Clog the water intake pipes and attack native species.

71
Q

Describe filter feeding in a Bivalve.

A

Food particles get trapped on the Gills and is moved to the mouth via cilia.

72
Q

What is the function of the Siphuncle in Cephalopods?

A

Removes fluid, and Replaces it with Gas to Provide Buoyancy.

73
Q

Describe how a snail moves its odontophore/radula (muscles and
structures involved).

A

The snail has a Radula Protractor that moves the Radula forward.

The Odontophore retractor to moves the Radula Inward. Both use Protractor Muscles.

74
Q

How does a cephalopod fill and empty its mantle cavity? (muscles
used).

A

Water is moved into the mantle cavity and out by using the circular muscles and is expelled out through the funnel.

75
Q

Describe the effect of some of the toxins that some Mollusca have
(what structures do they block).

A

The Blue-Ringed Octopus has a toxin that Blocks Volatage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels, which is produced in the saliva glands. There are no known antidotes, only treatment is a heart message and artificial respiration.

76
Q

What are Chromatophores?

A

Cells that contain Pigments

77
Q

How do Chromatophores work?

A

There are muscles attached to the cells and when contracted the pigments become condensed.

78
Q

What animals have Chromatophores? (2)

A

Cephalopods, Cuttlefish

79
Q

What are Iridophores?

A

There are Crystals Inside iridophores cells that produce pigments

80
Q

What animals has Iridophores?

A

Chameleons

81
Q

Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton fall under what type of Skeletons structure?

A

Rigid Skeletons

82
Q

Where are Exoskeletons found?

A

Found in Molluscs and Arthropods.

83
Q

Where are Endoskeleton found?

A

Found in Vertebrates and Echinoderms

84
Q

What is the Endoskeleton made of?

A

Bone and Cartilage

85
Q

What are Rigid Skeletons used for? (4)

A

Structure and Support, Muscle Attachment and to Protect Organs.

86
Q

How does the Earthworms Hydrostatic Skeleton work?

A

The Circular muscles move the worm forward and the Longitudinal muscles move behind the worm when contracted. Uses their body fluid to move around.

87
Q

What are the two ways bones are formed?

A

Endochondrial and Intramembranous

88
Q

Define Endochondrial

A

Replacement- Replaces the Cartilage

89
Q

What is Cartilage made out of?

A

Osteoblasts

90
Q

Define Intramembranous

A

Dermal Bones develop directly such as plates, face and cranium bone

91
Q

What are the Three Different Motor Molecules?

A

Motor, Microtubules and Dynein

92
Q

What are the Motor Molecules made of?

A

Actin and Myosin

93
Q

What are the Microtubules Motors made of?

A

Kinesin

94
Q

What do the Microtubules Motors do?

A

Walks towards the Periphery cell

95
Q

What is the main Overview of hearing?

A

Hearing travels through the Tympanum, then to the middle ear bone then to the Cochlea.

96
Q

What is the first Canal that Sound travels through in the Ear?

A

Additory Canal

97
Q

What is the 1st Chamber in the Ear?

A

Additory Canal

98
Q

The Ear Drum is also known as?

A

The Ear Drum

99
Q

What happens to the Tympanic Membrane when sound hits it?

A

It causes Vibrations.

100
Q

What are the Middle Bones of the Ear called?

A

Malleus, Incus and Strapes

101
Q

What does Sound Travel through First?

A

Additory Canal

102
Q

What does Sound Hit in the Ear?

A

Tympanic Membrane
(Ear Drum)

103
Q

What are the Middle Ear Bones?

A

Malleus, Incus and Strapes

104
Q

How does Sound Hit Here?

A

Through the vibrations caused by the Ear Drum.

105
Q

Malleus, Inus and Strapes) move sound to the?

A

Oval Window

106
Q

Sound passes through the Oval Window which is an open canal to the?

A

Cochlea

107
Q

What is Used for Balance and Coordination?

A

Semicircular Canals

108
Q

What relieves Pressure off of the Canal for Cochlea?

A

Round Window

109
Q

What puts pressure on both sides on the Tympanic membrane?

A

Eustachian Tube

110
Q

What contains Hair Cells in the Ear?

A

Ampullae

111
Q

What does Low Pitch cause?

A

Vibration deep in the Cochlea farthest from the Oval Window.

112
Q

What does Medium Pitch cause?

A

Sound Vibrations to be a little closer to the Oval Window

113
Q

What does High Pitch Sounds cause?

A

Sound Vibrations Close to the Oval Window which causes
Vibrations to travel early to the Cochlea and Tympanum to
Vibrate excessively

114
Q

Define Disarticulation and what it leads to?

A

The Separation of the Middle Ear Bones which then leads to Conductive Hearing Loss.

115
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Cornea

A

Light comes in

116
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Pupil

A

Opening to eye

117
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Iris-

A

Creates Pupils

118
Q

Where is Light Sent to after it passes through the Pupil?

A

Lens

119
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Retina

A

Focus the Light coming in through the eye

120
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Rods

A

Shades of gray or black and white vision at low light intensities.

121
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Cone

A

Has Color Vision and has higher light intensities

122
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Fovea

A

Blind Spot and has the greatest density of cones.

123
Q

Eye Structure-
Define Aqueous Humor located?

A

Between the Lens and the Cornea

124
Q

What is the Tapetum lucidum and briefly describe how it works.

A

Tapetum lucidum is used for nocturnal sight it Reflects light through the cones and is found in the back of the eye past the neurons and tissues.

125
Q

What Secretes products, but not Hormones through ducts such as sweat and salivary glands?

A

Exocrine System

126
Q

What releases Hormones in the circulatory system has no ducts and are slow acting.

A

Endocrine System

127
Q

What does Curare Bind to? What does this cause and Prevent in the Muscles

A

Ach Receptors preventing Sodium from flowing in the Muscles and Contracting

128
Q

What do Insecticides Bind to and block? and Cause in the Muscles?

A

Achase blocking it and cause Uncontrolled Muscle Twitching

129
Q

What does C. botulinum block and cause in the Muscle?

A

Muscle Contraction by blocking Arch Release

130
Q

How do you get C. botulinum?

A

Eating Contaminated Food

131
Q

Clostridium tetani is also known as?

A

Tetanus

132
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) found?

A

In the guts of farm Animals (Horse) (Cow) and in the soil

133
Q

What does Tetanus block?

A

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

134
Q

What happens to the Muscles when you are affected by Tetanus?

A

Muscles become Overstimulated

135
Q

What does the Pineal Gland Produce?

A

Melatonin

136
Q

What is Melatonin derived from?

A

Tryptophan

137
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH

138
Q

The Hypothalamus also produces what type of Hormone? and controls what gland?

A

CRTH, Pituitary Gland

139
Q

What does the Anterior Gland produce? (2)

A

ACTH and Growth Hormone

140
Q

What hormones are involved in our stress response? (2)

A

ACTH and CRTH

141
Q

What does the Post Pituitary Gland Store and Release? and what does it not Produce?

A

Hormones, Hormones

142
Q

What Hormones does the Post Pituitary Gland store and release?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

143
Q

How does the Hypothalamus control the Anterior? Through what Portal?

A

Pituitary Portal System

144
Q

What cell is the Action Potential generated when going from the Hypothalamus to the Post Pituitary?

A

Neurosecretory Cells

145
Q

What carries the Hormones from the Hypothalamus to the Post Pituitary?

A

Cytoskeletal Motor Molecules

146
Q

What hormone is being transported by the Cytoskeletal Motor Molecules? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH

147
Q

The Post Pituitary is controlled by what System?

A

Nervous System

148
Q

The Pituitary is controlled by?

A

Hormones

149
Q

What Hormone does the Thyroid Produce? (3)

A

Thyroxine, Parathyroid and Calcitonin

150
Q

Thyroxine is also found in the?

A

Metabolism

151
Q

Calcitonin helps with the form of?

A

Bone

152
Q

What does Parathyroid aid in?

A

Bone Resorption

153
Q

What does the Adrenal Glands Produce? (3)

A

Epinephrine, Cortisol and Aldosterone

154
Q

What 2 Hormones are involved in the Flight or Fight Response?

A

Epinephrine and Cortisol

155
Q

What Hormones does the Pancreas release? (2)

A

Insulin and Glucagon

156
Q

What Hormones do the Ovaries Produce? (2)

A

Estrogen and Progestogen

157
Q

What are found in the Fish Muscles with infected with Clonorchis?

A

Metacercarial Cyst

158
Q

Where does the Blood Fluke mature and reproduce?

A

Bladder and Intestine

159
Q

What is found in the muscle of Cows infected with T. Saginata- (Beef Tapeworm)?

A

Cysticercus

160
Q

What is a Symptom of T. Saginata- (Beef Tapeworm)?

A

Decreased Nutrition

Biology 225 (6 decks)

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