Exam 2

Question 1

Epinephrine

Answer 1

endogenous potent alpha and beta agonist with important cardiovascular effects

Question 2

Cardiac effects (b1) of epi

Answer 2

positive inotropy(contractility), positive chronotropy (heart rate), and increased o2 consumption that leads to increased cardiac output

Question 3

Vascular effects of epi

Answer 3

1. decreased cutaneous, visceral and renal blood flow via vasoconstriction (a1)
2. increased skeletal muscle blood flow via dilation (b2)

can be given iv im or subcutaneously (not orally active)

Question 4

Respiratory effects of epi

Answer 4

Powerful bronchodilator(b2), especially if bronchioles are pre constricted (eg anaphylaxis or asthma)

Question 5

Therapeutic uses of epi

Answer 5

hypersensitivity reactions(anaphylaxis or asthma) via cardiovascular support and bronchodilation. Also restores cardiac rhythm during cardiac arrest and av node block

Question 6

Toxicity of epi

Answer 6

extension of pharmacological action leads to cardiac arrythmias, hypertensive crisis, cerebral hemorrhage, restlessness

Question 7

Norepinephrine

Answer 7

Major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic nerves. Differs from epi in its potency at certain receptors.

b1: epi=ne
b2 epi»»»»Ne (ne does not act on b2)
a1: epi> ne

Question 8

Effects of NE

Answer 8

Effects and toxicity are similar to epi. Differences result in lack of b2 stimulation. intense vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure initiates vagal reflex (baroreceptors) which slows heart

Question 9

Therapeutic use of ne

Answer 9

limited use, cardiovascular support during shock via a1(vasculature) and b1(heart). No b2= no bronchodilation

Question 10

Albuterol

Answer 10

selective b2 adrenergic agonist. therefore a bronchodilator. can be consumed as aerosol to make more selective. treated for asthma and bronchospasm

Question 11

phenylephrine

Answer 11

selective a1 adrenergic agonist= vasoconstrictor= increased blood pressure. This one is a decongestant and vasopressor

Question 12

clonidine

Answer 12

selective a2 adrenergic antagonist. effect is primarily cns and presynaptic inhibition of sympathetic neurons. Causes sedation, analgesia, and decreased sympathetic outflow from brain. decrease sns increase pns. hypotension and bradycardia. CNs depression

Question 13

phenoxybenzamine

Answer 13

direct non competitive antagonist. Irreversibly blocks a1 and a2. decreases blood pressure

Question 14

phentolamine

Answer 14

direct competitive antagonist. reversibly blocks a1 and a2. decreases blood pressure

Question 15

prazosin

Answer 15

selective a1 adrenergic antagonist. relaxes arterial AND venous smooth muscle through vasodilation. decrease after load and preload