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Biotechnology in Society > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Point mutations

A

A mutation in one base of the DNA sequence (silent, missense, nonsense mutations)

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2
Q

Silent mutations

A

When a base change in DNA sequence does not change amino acid (GAA to GAG still Glu) No apparent change

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3
Q

Missense mutation

A

When a base change in DNA changes the codon to a different amino acid (Asn to Thr)- little to huge differences

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4
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

When a base change in DNA changes to a STOP codon (UAC to UAA- Tyr to STOP) Usually severe

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5
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

A mutation caused when a based is deleted or a new base is added to the DNA sequence

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5
Q

Mendel’s deductions

A

There are discreet hereditary factors

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6
Q

Law of segregation

A

during sex cell formation half the gametes get one copy and half the gametes get the other copy

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7
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Different chromosomes segregate independently

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8
Q

Linkage

A

Each chromosome carries many genes

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9
Q

Locus

A

A gene resides at a locus

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10
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene found at the same locus

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11
Q

Conventional breeding

A

Breeders cannot genetically manipulate every trait, P=G+E,

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12
Q

Changing phenotype through conventional breeding

A

Change phenotype (crossing, mutation), change environment (temporary)

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13
Q

Objective of conventional breeding

A

Yield increase, disease resistance, improved quality, herbicide resistance

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14
Q

Where is the genetic variability in conventional breeding

A

trait must have a genetic basis, trait must be induced by mutation or the gene for the trait must exist in a similar organism

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15
Q

Recombining genetic material in conventional breeding

A

Hybridization- mating and pollination, allows for reorganization of genetic material

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16
Q

Selecting desirable offspring

A

Phenotype, genetic markers

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17
Q

Limitations of conventional breeding

A

takes a long time, selection may be difficult, undesirable genes may arise

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18
Q

Benefits of conventional breeding

A

Don’t have to know anything about the gene in question, considered more natural, tools are generally accessible

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19
Q

Traditional gene transmission

A

Much new DNA may be introduced, DNA is from am organism similar enough to cross naturally, position of inserted DNA is not an issue

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20
Q

Modern gene transmission

A

Less new DNA is being introduced, DNA may be from a variety of sources, position of inserted DNA may not be controlled

21
Q

Food and drug administration

A

Regulates food additives and new foods, animal drugs, food labeling issues

22
Q

USDA

A

Regulates GE food plants,meat and poultry products, oversees safety of field trials

23
Q

Environmental protection agency

A

Regulates pesticides, certain categories of plant pesticides

24
Q

In vitro

A

In glass or in a tube

25
Q

In vivo

A

In life or within the cell

26
Q

Restriction endonucleases

A

Restriction enzymes, cut the DNA backbone, cut at a specific DNA sequence- in vivo

27
Q

What is a rule for restriction endonucleases

A

Will not cut up DNA if it is methylated, cut at palindromic sequences

28
Q

Sticky ends

A

Cut pieces of DNA with hydrogen bonds left unpaired- easier to reform

29
Q

Blunt ends

A

Cut straight down the middle- no affinity for binding (no hydrogen bonds unpaired)

30
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that forms covalent bonds between adjacent 3’ OH and 5’ P ends in DNA

31
Q

two steps involved in ligase reaction

A

Annealing of DNA strands, closing nicks

32
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular pieces if bacterial DNA, separate from the bacterial chromosome, replicate independently (ORI)

33
Q

What do plasmids contain

A

A gene marker (can be used for selection)

34
Q

Bacteria

A

Used to express plant and animal genes- small genome, grows quickly

35
Q

What can bacteria do easily

A

Take up external DNA (competent cells) - may be induced by chemical or electrical manipulation- called transformation

36
Q

How to make transgenic crops

A

Determine if genetic engineering is the most effective way to solve the problem, identify the gene that can solve the problem, isolate gene from donor organism and transfer it into the plant, plant the new seed and test it

37
Q

Transformation

A

Often makes use of callus- a mass of undifferentiated plant cells

38
Q

Gene gun

A

shoots gene coated gold particles into cells

39
Q

Agrobacterium

A

natural bacterium that inserts a portion of its Ti plasmid

40
Q

Marker or reporter gene

A

a gene that is easy to detect and which is inserted for diagnostic purposes

41
Q

Genetically engineered product

A

One that was developed by modifying DNA in some way

42
Q

GRAS

A

generally recognized as safe- an additive that is not new to food

43
Q

Differentiation

A

Process in which cells specialize

44
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells, divide indefinite amount of times, give rise to other cell types

45
Q

Multipotent (adult) stem cells

A

Give rise to set types of cells, believed to be found in all tissue types- have not been isolated from all tissue, rare and difficult to grow and collect

46
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells - iPCS

A

Adult stem cells genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem like state- use patients skin cells- may cause cancer and immune response

47
Q

Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer (SCNT)- therapeutic cloning

A

Using genetic material from a patients own cells to generate stem cells that can be used to treat disease

48
Q

Adult stem cells negatives and positives

A

Rejection less likely, some proven success, difficult to find and purify, cant generate large numbers

49
Q

Embryonic stem cells positives and negatives

A

easier to culture, can generate most cell types, inefficent generating process, may cause cancer

50
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells positives and negatives

A

No fear of rejection, useful for drug development, may cause cancer, Maintenace procedures are not certain

Biotechnology in Society (2 decks)

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