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Lifespan > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define scheme

A

how we define/understand the world

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2
Q

define assimilation

A

process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

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3
Q

define accomodation

A

changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

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4
Q

substage 1

A

simple reflexes
0-1 month
sucking, rooting

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5
Q

substage 2

A

first habits and primary circular reactions
1-4 months
actions become integrated activities
repeated to continue pleasant experience –> circular reaction focus on infant’s own body

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6
Q

substage 3

A

secondary circular reactions
4-8 months
repeated enjoyable events are produced through chance activities
rattles, babbling
relate to external world, not own body

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7
Q

substage 4

A

coordination of secondary circular reactions
8-12 months
goal directed behavior
schemes are combined to solve a problem
object permanence (fully resolved by 12 months)
a-not-b error

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8
Q

substage 5

A

tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months
schemes regarding variation of actions that bring consequences
miniature experiments

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9
Q

substage 6

A

beginnings of thought
18 mnths - 2 years
mental representation
understanding causality
pretending ability
deferred imitation (imitating mom)

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10
Q

two systems involved with long term memory

A

explicit memory and implicit memory

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11
Q

earliest memories + cerebellum and brain stem is the

A

implicit memory

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12
Q

later memories that emerge second half of first year + hippocampus are

A

explicit memory

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13
Q

carolyn rovee collier said that infant memory happens…. and what was her experiment

A

much earlier than we thought and she performed the tying a piece of string around her son’s foot from the mobile

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14
Q

infantile amnesia true? infants show what

A

infants show memory for behavior and situations they have only seen once

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15
Q

pre babble sounds like cooing emerge when and are they language specific

A

around 6 months and not specific to languages

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16
Q

what is canonical babbling? is it universal? when does it emerge? does it resemble their native language?

A

repeated consonant vowel syllables
universal
6 months
resembles native language

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17
Q

deaf babbling definition

A

gestural and verbal babbling activate the same neural centers

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18
Q

phonemes

A

sounds of our language “a” in cat

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19
Q

morphemes

A

smallest language unit with meaning “dog” “run”

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20
Q

semantics

A

rules that govern meaning of words and sentences

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21
Q

5 month olds can recognize what

A

their name

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22
Q

infants can’t say their own name until they are

A

1 year old

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23
Q

infants can respond to simple commands around

A

10-12 months and can say 2-3 word phrases after that

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24
Q

comprehension ____ production and develops at a ___ pace

A

precedes; faster

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25
Q

first word is spoken between ___

A

10-14 months; usually at 12 months

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26
Q

what type of words are used to communicate

A

holophrases; cat, cookie

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27
Q

first words typically regard what

A

inanimate or animate objects
nouns are common

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28
Q

when are first sentences produced

A

8-12 months after first words; around 18-26 months of age

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29
Q

language explosion

A

16-24 months; 50-400 words

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30
Q

telegraphic speech

A

uses order similar to adult speech but with missing words

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31
Q

overextension is

A

calling everything flying in the sky a bird because you like the bird

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32
Q

underextension is

A

using a word exclusively in an overly narrowed way
only call your dad daddy and there are no other dads in the world

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33
Q

referential language

A

learn things word by word and build up to sentences and conversations

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34
Q

expressive language

A

they try to say a full sentence before they master an individual word

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35
Q

infant directed speech is

A

long vowel sounds, high pitched, and short consonants, word repetition, little formal structure

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36
Q

why is infant directed speech important

A

occurs all over the world, there are cultural variations
infants prefer listening to it and research suggests that infant directed speech helps with language development

37
Q

what are the basic emotions present at birth

A

interest, distress, disgust

38
Q

order of emotions

A

IDD - Social Smile - ASS - Fear - Shame and Shyness - Contempt and Guilt

39
Q

when does social smile emerge

A

6-9 weeks

40
Q

when does anger surprise sadness emerge

A

4 months of age

41
Q

when does fear emerge

A

6 months

42
Q

when do shame and shyness emerge

A

6 months

43
Q

when do contempt and guilt emerge

A

2 years

44
Q

when does laughter emerge

A

around 3-4 months

45
Q

purposeful smiling emerges when

A

2 years

46
Q

what is stranger anxiety

A

as memory develops, ability to recognize familiar people merges, ability to anticipate and predict events increases, appearance of unknown person causes fear

47
Q

when is stranger anxiety common

A

around 6 months
more anxious if mom is anxious
less anxious about females and other babies their age

48
Q

what is separation anxiety

A

anxiety of separation not stranger, nervous to be alone

49
Q

when does separation anxiety emerge

A

around 7-8 months peaks around 14 months then declines

50
Q

separation anxiety in other cultures

A

peaks then declines, increased around 7-8 months then until 14 months

51
Q

what is social referencing

A

around 8-9 months of age
look at people around to see how they should respond

52
Q

visual cliff research

A

baby typically follows mom’s expressions, looks over to primary caregiver to see what they should do

53
Q

toy study

A

given an unusual toy to play with and the amount of time spent playing w it was dependent on how their mother’s expressions appeared.

54
Q

when does self awareness begin

A

around 12 months

55
Q

rouge test

A

shows average awareness begins 17-24 months
infants look at themselves in the mirror w a stain on it
12 months - will be startled but wont rub it off
17-24 months - will try to rub it off bc they know that that is not typically there

56
Q

cultural differences in rouge test

A

oriented societies’ children will show this much earlier

57
Q

what are the 3 s of stranger situation

A

stranger: how child interacts w stranger when mom and dad not present
secure base: do they stay by moms side and never leave base or do they leave and then come back
separation: degree to which infant handles the separation and when they come back

58
Q

cultural differences seen with the prevalence of the various attachment styles

A

secure attachment: us parents
insecure avoidant: higher in germany
insecure resistant: higher in japan

59
Q

trust vs mistrust time frame and characteristics

A

0-18 months
warm/consistent: can trust, generalize to others in world, reassured through being close to others
cold/inconsistent: mistrust, hard time forming close intimate relationships

60
Q

autonomy vs. shame vs. doubt

A

anal stage
18 months - 3 years

61
Q

positive impacts of child daycare

A

little difference in high quality child care than raised by parent
produce minor differences
enhance development
better peer play
children are better able to solve problems

62
Q

negative impacts of child care

A

if low and poor quality then child will be less secure

63
Q

lateralization in preschool years ___

A

improves

64
Q

the brain grows at a ___ rate than any other body part
by 2 years kid is __ adult brain
by 5 years kid is ___ adult brain and just __ adult body weight

A

faster
75%
90%, 30%

65
Q

during preschool years the corpus callosum becomes ___

A

thicker

66
Q

what is the left brain hemisphere responsible for

A

verbal competence, reading thinking reasoning

67
Q

what is the right brain hemisphere responsible for

A

nonverbal speech, spatial relationships, music, emotions

68
Q
A
69
Q

boys have greater lateralization of language in ___

A

left hemisphere

70
Q

in girls language is more ___ divided between the two hemispheres and a part of the corpus callosum is proportionally ___

A

evenly, larger

71
Q

preschool girls develop language at a ___ than preschool boys

A

faster rate

72
Q

verbal abilities might emerge earlier in girls because ___

A

they receive greater encouragement for verbal skills than boys

73
Q

when is handedness seen ?

A

around 5-6 years

74
Q

right handed preschoolers have a __ hemisphere that is ___ and more developed; particularly ___ which are significantly larger on this side

A

left, larger, brocas and wernickes

75
Q

left handed preschoolers have ____ brains with similarly sized ___ centers in each hemisphere

A

more symmetrical, language

76
Q

centration

A

what you see is what you get
involves inability to consider all available info without stimulus

77
Q

conservation

A

learning that appearances are deceiving
quantity is unrelated to arrangement and physical appearance of objects

78
Q

egocentrism

A

preschoolers do not understand that people have perspectives of their own
lack of awareness
failure to realize others may hold thoughts and feelings that differ from theirs

79
Q

what is the symbolic function

A

ability to use symbols, words, or objects to represent something that is not physically present

80
Q

intuitive thinking in preschoolers

A

“why” questions emerge, children act as authorities on particular topics even if wrong

81
Q

language allows preschoolers to

A

represent actions symbolically
think beyond the present to the future
consider several possibilities at same time

82
Q

what did vygotskys view of cognitive development entail

A

believed that cognitive development is the result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation

83
Q

what is the zone of proximal development

A

cognition increases through exposure to information that is new enough to be intriguing but not too difficult
child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently but can do so with the assistance of someone which leads to greater improvement

84
Q

what is social scaffolding

A

support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

85
Q

how does sentence length change in preschool years

A

sentence length increases at a steady pace

86
Q

syntax in preschool years

A

the dog is chasing me, I am chasing the dog

87
Q

what is fast mapping

A

enormous leaps in number of words
by age 6 child has a vocab of around 14,000 words and it is acquired at a rate of nearly one new word every 2 hours

88
Q
A

Lifespan (2 decks)

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