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Archaeology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Dating Methods

A

Obsidian hydration
Dendrochronology
Radiocarbon
Thermoluminescence (TL)

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2
Q

Obsidian hydration

A

Based on cumulative absorption of water by volcanic glass

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3
Q

dendrochronology

A

tree-ring dating
based on annual growth of rings in trees

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4
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

based on principle of radioactive decay

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5
Q

accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dating

A

Method used to count individual C-14 atoms by measuring their weight

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6
Q

Thermoluminescence dating

A

the light or glow that a material produces when heated

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7
Q

Hominoidea

A

taxonomic group that includes apes and humans

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8
Q

first primates existed

A

65 mya

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9
Q

earliest hominoids appeared

A

25 mya

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10
Q

early humans diverged from chimpanzees

A

6-5 mya

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11
Q

australopithecine

A

Various species of the genus Australopithecus, including A. ramidus, A. afarensis, and A. africanus

4 mya

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12
Q

locomotion

A

method of animal movement

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13
Q

bipedalism

A

using two feet for locomotion

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14
Q

Hadar Site Discoveries

A

discovery of Lucy in 1974
3.2 million year old australopithecus

discovery of the “first family”
3.2 million year old
5 adults and 2 children
first indicator that we are social creatures

Discovery of first intact afarensis skull-1994
around 3 million years old
male skull

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15
Q

Laetoli Site Discoveries

A

earliest evidence of bipedalism

discovered in 1976
around 3.6 million years old-volcanic eruption covered area with volcanic ash

70 or so human footprints, made by 3 individuals

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16
Q

Paranthropus Site Discoveries

A

period referred to as Pilo-Pleistocene around 3.1 million years ago

A.afarensis split into two separate lineages

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17
Q

Homo Habilis

A

2-1.5 mya-major evolutionary changes occurred

earliest evidence of stone tools

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18
Q

Olduvai Gorge (Important site)

A

2 mya-site was a large lake and wetland area surrounded by volcanic mountains and uplands

first evidence of stone tools

Oldowan stone tools

evidence of butchery and scavenging

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19
Q

Oldowan Stone tools

A

3 mya-1.2 mya

choppers and cobbles

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20
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Evolved from H. Habilis around 1.95 mya in Africa

First fully Bipedal species

1st appearance of hand-axes and other bifacial tools

The first to migrate out of Africa

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21
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

fossil remains from Morocco around 300 thousand years ago (kya)

we are homo sapiens

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22
Q

Blombos Cave (important site)

A

middle stone age deposits around 100 kya

behavioral evolution of anatomically modern humans (AMHs)

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23
Q

Who were the first species to migrate out of Africa?

A

Homo Erectus

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24
Q

Homo Erectus-Out Of Africa

A

evolved from Homo Habilis in Africa around 2 mya

beginning of the Pleistocene

Spread to Asia and Europe

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25
Q

Homo Erectus-Migration into Asia important sites

A

Dmanisi

Longgupo

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26
Q

Dmanisi Site

A

In Georgia

oldest site outside Africa with human skeletal remains around 1.95 mya

at least 6 individuals

remains appear to be transitional between H. Habilis and H. Erectus

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27
Q

Longgupo Site

A

in south central china

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28
Q

Homo Erectus-migrations into Europe

A

earliest evidence of human occupation around .13 mya

colder climate-likely delayed human settlement

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29
Q

Atapuerca H. Erectus Site

A

cavernous region in northern spain

middle, lower and upper paleolithic

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30
Q

Sima del Elefante H. eretus site

A

around 1.3 mya H. erectus remains, stone tools, and animal bones with cut-marks

oldest human remains and stone tool assemblages in Europe

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31
Q

Sima de los Huesos (“pit of bones”) H. erectus site

A

around 500 kya

skletal remains from 32 individuals

good example of group living during Lower Paleolithic

showed intentional burial of the dead-one and was one of the first examples of intentional human burial

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32
Q

Shoningen H. erectus site

A

site in germany

around 500-400 kya spear

numerous animal bones

stone tools made of chert-scrappers and projectile points

wooden artifacts

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33
Q

Homo Erectus-Global Migrations

A

appeared in africa around 2 mya

migrated to asia around 1.9 mya and europe around 1mya

invented hand axe and clothing

pioneered controlled use of fire around 1 mya

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34
Q

what helped homo erectus distinguish themselves from other species?

A

the invention of clothing

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35
Q

when did Homo Sapiens originate?

A

around 765 kya-550 kya

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36
Q

what did homo sapiens evolve from?

A

homo erectus

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37
Q

what did neanderthals evolve from?

A

homo erectus

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38
Q

neanderthals

A

survived in parts of eurasia from around 300 kya-40kya

short, stocky, robust skeletons

large game hunters

intentional burial in graves

beginning of artistic expression

lived in one of the most harsh climates

very adaptable

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39
Q

what large game did neanderthals hunt?

A

red deer

wild horse

wild cattle

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40
Q

where do we see the beginning of artistic expression?

A

neanderthals

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41
Q

who lived in one of the most harsh climates?

A

neanderthals

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42
Q

when neanderthals went extinct what replaces them?

A

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs)

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43
Q

when did neanderthals go extinct?

A

around 40 kya

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44
Q

Qafzh Cave-AMH site

A

AMH found in layers with Mousterian tools around 90 kya

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45
Q

Shanidar and Kebara-Neanderthal site

A

remains around 75 kta-45 kya found

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46
Q

DNA Analysis

A

Studied to identify genetic differences, time at which specific groups of people diverged into separate populations, and evolution of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH)

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47
Q

Modern DNA

A

extracted from living populations

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48
Q

mitochondrial DNA

A

inherited directly through maternal line

49
Q

Modern DNA vs Ancient DNA

A

provided information on sex or genealogy of individual

discovery of preserved ancient DNA from hum an bone first reported in 1989

ancient and modern DNA revealed population interbred

50
Q

who is Svante Saabo?

A

a geneticist who used 40,000 year old bones to sequence Neanderthal genome

won 2022 Nobel Peace Prize

51
Q

people from where still have neanderthal DNA?

A

Asia and Europe

52
Q

what percent of neanderthal DNA do people in Asia and Europe have?

A

4%

53
Q

Upper Paleolithic In Europe

A

europe colonized by AMH much later around 40 kya

extensive use of blades

widespread manufacture of bone, antler, ivory and wood

complex art and decortaion

counting systems

54
Q

When did the invention of the spear thrower and bow and arrow happen?

A

in the upper paleolithic by AMH

55
Q

when did the domestication of dogs happen?

A

in the upper paleolithic

56
Q

Where did/does professor Ellis study at?

A

Lapa Do Picareiro, Portugal

57
Q

Lapa Do Picareiro Site

A

new evidence pushes AMH colonization of western Iberia around 5,000 years earlier

Confirm a rapid modern human dispersal across Iberia

58
Q

Aurignacian

A

lithic assemblage associated with arrival of AMH in Europe

59
Q

Dolni Vestonice

A

remains of mammoth hunting camps around 25 kya

2,300 small figurines, including the Venus figurines were found here

predate first ceramics around 15 ky

earliest indication of people living in one place all year round

remains of a female skeleton recovered

60
Q

What helped Dolni Vestonice site stay preserved?

A

site was buried in silt

61
Q

what did they find at Dolni Vestonice that were used for musical instruments?

A

hollow bird bones

62
Q

where were the earliest discoveries of musical instruments found?

A

Dolni Vestonice

63
Q

what was the female skeleton at Dolni Vestonice found under?

A

two huge shoulder blades of a mammoth

64
Q

mural art

A

paintings and engravings on the walls of caves

65
Q

where is mural art primarily found?

A

France and Spain

66
Q

portable art

A

carvings, figurines, body adornment and other shaped or decorated pieces that can be moved from place to place.

67
Q

What was one of the most important collections of upper paleolithic art in the world?

A

Lascauz Cave

68
Q

La Vache

A

designs carved into polished bone around 14 kya

69
Q

Sahul

A

larger continents containing Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania

70
Q

Lake Mungo

A

oldest example of cremation

71
Q

Paisley Caves

A

human coprolites were found here

72
Q

what did white sands fossilized footprints tell us?

A

humans co existed with megafauna

73
Q

Taima-Taima

A

14 ka old megafauna kill site

74
Q

Beringia

A

point of entry for numerous waves of migratory groups

75
Q

when did almost all large land animals go extinct?

A

11 thousand years ago

76
Q

what are the two explanations for the extinctions of megafauna?

A

Human Overkill and Climate change

77
Q

what are the clovis people known for?

A

being big game hunters and having one of the most identifiable stone tools

78
Q

Atlatl

A

spear thrower

79
Q

what was the first site to prove humans lived among megafauna?

A

Blackwater Draw, New Mexico

80
Q

What forms of evidence have been important in advancing theories about megafauna extinction?

A

Overkill because we have evidence of other megafauna survived just fine with climate change as that humans had plenty of tools to hunt megafauna

81
Q

Compare the story of megafaunal extinction in South America to that of North America. How are they different?

A

In south america there are vast environmental differences which means south america were practicing more broad spectrum hunting rather than big game hunting where in north america they were focused on big game hunting. South America wasn’t solely dependent on megafauna like North America most likely was.

82
Q

How might this contribute to the debate surrounding the cause of extinctions?

A

The context of the past is key to understanding the extinction of the megafauna. Ex. how the megafauna interacted with their environments. Humans and the environment interact and they can lead to extinction but it also doesn’t have to. Extinctions are not solely an action of human activity.

83
Q

What is the Mesolithic known for being?

A

transitionary period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic around 12,000-10,000 BC

84
Q

secondary societies

A

practice of living in one place for a long time

85
Q

who were the first people of the eastern mediterranean are to establish permanent villages?

A

The Matifuians

86
Q

What is one of the earliest permanent villages?

A

Ain Mallaha

87
Q

Matufians

A

mesolithic community that gathered and prepared wild wheat and barely in addition to hunting

88
Q

What is the oldest human made stone structure to be discovered?

A

Gobekli Tepe

89
Q

what is one of the largest post glacial communities in Southwest Asia?

A

Abu Hureyra

90
Q

where are the first farmers from?

A

Abu Hureyra

91
Q

agriculture

A

way of obtaining food that involves domesticated plants and animals
Intensive use of environment

92
Q

Domestication

A

changes physical characteristics of the plant or animal

93
Q

what are the 4 principles of agriculture?

A

propagation
husbandry
harvesting
storage

94
Q

propagation

A

the selection and sowing of seeds or breeding of animals

95
Q

husbandry

A

the tending of plants or animals during growth period

96
Q

harvesting

A

plants when ripe or slaughter of animals at appropriate times

97
Q

storage

A

of seeds and maintenance of animals through their non reproductive period to ensure annual reproduction

98
Q

cultivation

A

humans manipulation or fostering of a plat species (often wild) to enhance or ensure production

99
Q

what evidence do we have in the archaeological record of agriculture?

A

archaeobotany
genetics
ancient DNA

100
Q

when were dogs domesticated?

A

around 30-15 ka

101
Q

primary centers

A

places where individual species of plants and or animal were first domesticated

102
Q

Secondary centers

A

areas of agriculture development that received plants and animals from elsewhere

103
Q

Oasis hypothesis

A

Suggests domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals at oases during the desiccation of Southwest Asia at the end of the Pleistocene

104
Q

Natural Habitat hypothesis

A

Suggests that the earliest domesticates appeared in the area that their wild ancestors inhabited

105
Q

Population Pressure Hypothesis

A

Suggests that population increase in Southwest Asia upset the balance between people and food, forcing people to turn to agriculture as a way to produce more food.

106
Q

Edge Hypothesis

A

Suggests that the need for more food was initially felt at the margins of the natural habitat of the ancestors of domesticated plants and animals

107
Q

Social Hypothesis

A

Suggests domestication allowed certain individuals to accumulate food surplus and transform those foods into more valued items, such as rare stones or metals and even social alliances

108
Q

Multalism

A

cooperation of two species for their mutual benefit by enhancing individual’s fitness

109
Q

what are the three pathways to domestication?

A

commensal
prey
cirected

110
Q

Commensal pathway

A

Path to animal domestication whereby a wild animal is drawn into a human environment and begins to form a mutualistic relationship with humans

111
Q

prey pathway

A

path to animal domestication whereby humans begin to manage and protect animals that were originally hunted in the wild

112
Q

directed pathway

A

path to animal domestication whereby wild animals are deliberately brought under human management

113
Q

what is the earliest evidence of domesticated plants?

A

seed crops

114
Q

Why are root crops not as easily identifiable?

A

because they have no hard parts

115
Q

the domestication of what is most clearly documented?

A

wheat

116
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

upland zone in Southwest Asia that runs from the Levant to the Zagros Mountains.

117
Q

what was one of the first cities to emerge?

A

Catalhoyuk

118
Q

where was the primary center for plant domestication?

A

eastern North America

Archaeology (3 decks)

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