Exam 2 Flashcards
Piaget’s schemes, assimilation, and accomodation
schemes are psychological structures that organize experience, or mental categories. assimilation is the incorporation of new experiences into existing schemes, while accommodation is the modification of a scheme based on experience.
Thinking during sensorimotor period
(0-2) Adapting to and exploring the environment, understanding objects (object permanence; not fully understood until 18 months), and using symbols
Criticisms of Frist 2 Stages
Underestimates young children/infants and overestimates adolescents, vagueness concerning processes of change, does not account for variability in children’s performance, and undervalues the influence of sociocultural environment on cognitive development
Scaffolding
a style in which teachers match the amount of assistance they offer to the learner’s need based on proficiency
Preoperational thinking
(2-7) egocentrism is the belief that all people see the world as we do, centration is the focusing on one aspect of a problem/situation but ignoring other relevant aspects, and appearance as reality is the assumption that an object really is what it appears to be
Basics of Information Processing Theory
Thinking is based on mental hardware (built-in mental and neural structures that allow the mind to operate) and mental software (mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks).
Vygotsky’s Theory
Development is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate with others who are more skilled
Zone of Proximal Development
the area between the level of performance a child can achieve when working alone and a higher level of performance that is possible when guided by more skilled adults or peers
Private Speech
comments that are not intended for others but help children regulate their behavior
Language
Review Book
Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development
0-1: basic trust vs. mistrust; 1-3: autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 3-6: initiative vs. guilt
Secure Attachment
May or my not cry when mother leaves, but wants to see her when she returns, crying stops
Avoidant Attachment
Not upset when mother leaves, ignores her upon her return
Resistant Attachment
Upset when mother leaves, remains upset or even angry when she returns and is difficult to console
Disorganized Attachment
Confused when mother leaves and when she returns
Goodness of fit
How well a child’s temperament matches the parent’s temperament
Basic Emotions
joy (2-3 months), anger (4-6 months), fear (6+ months), interest, disgust, distress, sadness, and surprise (all are experienced by 6 months)
Complex Emotions
pride, guilt, embarrassment (experienced between 18-24 months)
Factors that Influence Emotions
certain cultures may not encourage emotional expression as much as others, and cultures also differ in the events that trigger (usually complex) emotions
