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Comparative Vertebrate Bio > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why did organisms move onto land?

A
  1. new food sources (insect radiation in the Carboniferous period)
  2. avoid high predation
  3. move from one drying pond to another (ex. lungfish)
  4. basking in the sun to elevate body temp (increased activity)
  5. dispersal of juveniles away from natal site (less competition)
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2
Q

Sarcopterygian synapomorphies

A
  1. fins supported by small bony, muscular lobes
  2. cosmine on dermal bones and scales
  3. intracranial joint between anterior and posterior portions of braincase
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3
Q

Coelacanthimorpha

A
  • primarily marine, large, deep water fish
  • once believed to have gone extinct in the Mesozoic
  • unique rostral organ (electroreception)
  • internal fertilization, viviparous
  • sister group to lungfish and tetrapods
  • part of Class Sarcopterygii
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4
Q

Dipnomorpha

A
  • 6 species (Australia, Africa, South America)
  • first evolved ~400 mya
  • estivate in burrows during the dry season, mucus secretions seal burrow
  • part of Class Sarcopterygii
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5
Q

Dipnomorpha synapomorphies

A
  • holostylic jaw (palatoquadrate is fused to the cranium)
  • duraphagous apparatus (broad teeth plates lining the palate, reduction in jaw bone)
  • well developed lungs
    (Part of Class Sarcopterygii)
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6
Q

Tetrapods

A

terrestrial vertebrates descended from common four-legged ancestor, possess chiridium

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7
Q

chiridium

A

muscular limb with well-defined joints and digits

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8
Q

Tetrapodomorphs

A

group of extinct fish closely related to extant sarcopterygians

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9
Q

Eusthenopteron

A
  • tetrapodomorph
  • Late Devonian sarcopterygian fish
    Traits Shared w/ Early Tetrapods
  • enamel coated teeth (labrynthodont teeth)
  • rudimentary humerus, radius, ulna
  • more robust vertebrae (enlarged introcentrum)
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10
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • tetrapodomorph
  • late Devonian sarcopterygian most similar to tetrapods
  • good shallow water predators with eyes on top of head, and no dorsal/anal fins
    Traits Shared w/ Early Tetrapods
  • loss of bony operculum (skull is not connected to pectoral girdles which allows the head to raise above the water)
  • forelimb with metacarpals
  • ribs projecting more ventrally to support body out of water
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11
Q

How are tetrapodomorphs still fish-like?

A
  • retain distinct caudal fins and fin-like limbs
  • retain a fusiform body with undifferentiated epaxial and hypaxial muscles
  • poorly ossified vertebrae
  • retain well developed gills
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12
Q

Stem tetrapods

A

Acanthostega and Ichthyostega

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13
Q

Fish-like traits of Acanthostega

A
  • fin rays on large caudal fin and fin-like limbds
  • weak zygapophyses
  • internal gills (operculum)
  • evidence of lateral line system
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14
Q

Tetrapod-like traits of Acanthostega

A
  • some differentiation in vertebral column
  • limbs are well defined (chiridium, 8 digits)
  • robust pelvic and pectoral girdles
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15
Q

More derived traits of Ichthyostega

A
  • robust ribs (support thorax on land)
  • stronger zygapophyses
  • smaller caudal fin
  • highly differentiated thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
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16
Q

Benefits of limbs in aquatic predators?

A
  • can climb underwater vegetation
  • allows for rapid ambush in shallow water
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17
Q

Where did caecilians evolve from?

A

Stereospondyles

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18
Q

Where did frogs and salamanders evolve from?

A

Dissorophoidea

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19
Q

What are reptilomorphs?

A

Stem amniotes

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20
Q

Extinct non-amniote tetrapods

A
  1. Stereospondyles
  2. Dissorophoidea
  3. Reptiliomorphs
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21
Q

Stereospondyles

A
  • mostly larger forms
  • flat skulls with long snouts
  • two occipital condyles for rotating head
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22
Q

Dissorophoidea

A
  • smaller forms
  • short snout and large eyes
  • large tympanum for hearing
  • some fossils have a combination of salamander and frog traits
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23
Q

Reptiliomorphs

A
  • mainly terrestrial with terrestrial limb structures
  • domed skull
  • 5 digit feet
  • likely ancestor of amniotes
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24
Q

Amniotic Egg

A
  • leathery or rigid shell (some permeability)
  • albumin
  • yolk
  • 4 extra-embryonic membranes
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25
Q

albumin

A

(in amniotic eggs) source of water and protein, acts as a protective layer

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26
Q

yolk

A

(in amniotic eggs) primary energy source (lecithotrophic)

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27
Q

What are the four extra-embryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. chorion
  3. amnion
  4. allantois
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28
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • made of embryonic endoderm and mesoderm
  • surrounds yolk
  • develops into the gut
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29
Q

Amnion

A
  • made of embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm
  • inner membrane that surrounds the embryo
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30
Q

Chorion

A
  • made of embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm
  • outer membrane that surround the entire embryo and yolk
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31
Q

Allantois

A
  • made of embryonic endoderm and mesoderm
  • nitrogenous waste site
  • respiratory organ during later development
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32
Q

Benefits of amniotic egg?

A
  • allantois allows storage of nitrogenous waste
  • tough shell for support on land (avoid drying out)
  • larger egg allows for larger hatchlings which increases survival
  • respiration is possible through the semi-permeable shell
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33
Q

Synapomorphies of amniotes

A
  • amniotic egg
  • keratin derived dermal features (scales, hair)
  • costal ventilation
  • lateral flange on pterygoid bone aids in chewing
  • more complex brachial plexus innervating forelimbs
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34
Q

costal ventilation

A

use of ribs to ventilate lungs (results in less water loss to environment)

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35
Q

temporal fenestration

A

major openings in temporal region of skull, used to divide amniotes into major groups

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36
Q

anapsids

A

group of amniotes that lack fenestra (primitive amniotes and turtles)

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37
Q

synapsids

A

group of amniotes with lower temporal fenestra only (mammals)

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38
Q

diapsids

A

group of amniotes with upper and lower temporal fenestra (extant reptiles and birds)

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39
Q

Evolution of temporal fenestration

A
  1. ancestral condition = anapsid (large, flat skulls, buccal cavity was used for ventilation, closed jaws)
  2. costal ventilation allowed for more variability in head shape
  3. less robust skull allowed for formation of fenestra (abductor mandibullae splits into 2 muscles = temporalis on temporal and parietal and the masseter on the zygomatic arch
  4. more complex jaw musculature allows for isometric contractions resulting in more oral processing
40
Q

Land v Water (oxygen)

A
  1. higher concentration of O2 in air than water
  2. high concentration of O2 in fresh water than salt water
  3. higher temperatures reduce O2 concentration in water
41
Q

density and viscosity

A
  • water is 800x more dense than air
  • water has greater viscosity than air
  • both influence locomotion and respiration
42
Q

Impact of density and viscosity on respiration

A
  • less energy is needed for respiration in air than water
  • tidal ventilation. (bidirectional flow) is possible in air
43
Q

Gills

A
  • unidirectional flow
  • methods include buccal pumping and ram ventilation
  • 2 rows of filaments per branchial arch
  • upper and lower row of lamellae on each filament (counter current exchange)
44
Q

buccal pumping

A

skeletal muscle pumps water in buccal cavity and out through the opercular cavity

45
Q

ram ventilation

A

mouth is always open, swimming forces water across the gills (only works in highly active fish)

46
Q

lamellae

A

site of gas exchange in gills

47
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

blood flow is opposite of water flow which ensures the concentration of oxygen is always greater than the partial pressure in the blood along the entire length of the gill, this also allows for more O2 to be absorbed

48
Q

Lungs

A
  • bidirectional flow
  • lungs contained within thoracic cavity
  • negative pressure breathing
49
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

inhalation: diaphragm and external intercostals contract while internal intercostals relax
exhalation: diaphragm and extern intercostals relax while internal intercostals contract

50
Q

aortic arches

A

pass through the gills between the branchial arches

51
Q

Circulatory system: Chondrichthyes

A
  • 4 chambers in series (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosis)
  • afferent artery, gill arch, efferent artery, body, heart
  • 6 aortic arches (first is reduced to supple spiracle and second is reduced to supply head)
  • single circuit
  • single pressure
52
Q

advantage of single pressure

A

high pressure at the gills helps facilitate (and prioritize) gas exchange

53
Q

disadvantage of single pressure

A

low pressure system in capillaries, results in less efficient gas exchange in body tissues

54
Q

Circulatory system: dipnoi

A
  • 3 chambers in series (atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus)
  • septum partially divides halves of atrium and ventricle
  • conus arteriosis is homologous with bulbs arteriosus in teleosts
  • vestigial spiracle, lost first arch but retains second
  • double circuit - pulmonary and systemic
  • pulmonary artery branches off 6th aortic arch
  • ductus arteriosus (shunt used to bypass lungs when under water)
55
Q

Circulatory system: amphibians

A
  • 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle
  • 1st/2nd aortic arches are lost, 6th becomes the pulmonary artery
  • single pressure heart
  • double circuit with spiral valve
  • deoxygenated blood going towards pulmocutaneous circuit
  • oxygenated blood going toward systemic circuit
56
Q

Circulatory system: reptiia

A
  • 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) with partial separation of ventricles by horizontal septum
  • only arches 3, 4, and 6 remain (arch 3=carotid arteries, arch 4=left/right systemic arch, arch 6=pulmonary artery)
  • single pressure with some separation
  • double circuit
57
Q

Circulatory system: aves

A
  • 4 chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
  • portions of arches 3, 4, 6 remain
  • only right systemic arch retained
  • double circuit and double pressure (left = oxygenated, right=deoxygenated)
58
Q

Circulatory system: mammalia

A
  • 4 chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
  • portions of 3, 4, 6 remain (3=carotid, brachiocephalic, right subclavian, 4=aorta, 6=pulmonary trunk)
  • only left systemic arch retained (aortic arch and dorsal aorta)
  • part of right systemic arch is brachiocephalic artery
  • double circuit with double pressure
59
Q

Cane Toad

A
  • Amphibia
  • introduced to AUS from Hawaii to control sugar cane pests
  • rapidly extending range
  • eat native wildlife and damage the ecosystem
60
Q

Subclass Lissamphibia

A

first observed in Permian, radiated during Jurassic, with approximately 7600 species

61
Q

Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia

A
  • permeable, glandular skin used for gas exchange
  • columella-opercular complex: unique ear bones
  • carnivory
  • pediciliate teeth
  • green rods
  • levator bulbi muscle
62
Q

columella

A

derived from hyoid, detects high frequency sound

63
Q

opercular

A

part of dermatocranium, detects low frequency sound

64
Q

carnivory

A

refers to the behavior of eating whatever can be caught and swallowed

65
Q

pedicilate teeth

A

crown and based on teeth are made of dentine, they are separated by a weaker, fibrous layer

66
Q

green rods

A

unique retinal cells that have sensitivity to blue light and can detect color in the dark

67
Q

levator bulbi muscle

A

used to bulge eyes outward

68
Q

Order Caudata

A
  • part of Class Amphibia (salamanders and newts)
  • ancestral mode: elongate body and tail
  • some paedomorphosis
  • large species include Chinese giant salamander
  • cave species with reduced eyes and pigmentation (Texas blind salamander)
69
Q

feeding specializations of Plethodontidae

A
  1. hyobranchial apparatus – specialized throat bones and musculature for protruding tongue
  2. good vision – eyes large and moved forward for binocular vision
70
Q

hyobranchial apparatus

A

specialized throat bones and musculature for protruding tongue (not compatible with buccal pumping due to lack of lungs, and not compatible with suction feeding because there is no larval stage)

71
Q

paedomorphosis

A

retention of juvenile traits in the adult form (failed to release TSH)

72
Q

reproductive biology of salamanders

A
  1. fertilization via spermatophore
  2. pheromones released from hedonic glands
  3. maternal care
73
Q

spermatophore

A

large packet of lipid and sperm used for fertilization in various ways
- male pushes spermatophore into female’s cloaca
- female picks up spermatophore with cloaca (internal fertilization in most species)
- female deposits eggs on spermatophore

74
Q

Rough skinned newt

A

releases pheromones from hedonic glands by rubbing chin on the female’s nostrils

75
Q

Plethodontid salamanders

A

releases pheromones from hedonic glands by slapping the gland on his chin onto the female’s nostrils

76
Q

two-lined salamander

A

releases pheromones from hedonic glands by using enlarged teeth to scrape the skin on the female’s head

77
Q

smooth newt

A

releases pheromones from hedonic glands by using his large tail to waft pheromones towards the female

78
Q

maternal care of salamanders

A

aquatic species lay eggs in water as a gelatinous mass, terrestrial species lag eggs in damp soil, some species will guard the eggs, there are also a few viviparous species

79
Q

Caecilians

A
  • part of Order Gymnophiona
  • legless, burrowing, aquatic
  • eye covered by skin or bone flap, some lack eyes
  • annuli: dermal folds overlaying segments bordered by ribs
  • pair of protrusible tentacles near eyes
  • feed on insects and earthworms
80
Q

reproductive biology of caecilians

A
  1. internal fertilization via male intromettenti organ
  2. some are oviparous and female guards the eggs
  3. most species are viviparous and matrotrophic
81
Q

Caecilians methods of matrotrophy

A

young can be 30-60% of female’s body length
- fetuses scrape oviduct using embryonic teeth to release uterine milk
- dermatophagy in which young peel off out layer of mother’s skin

82
Q

Order Anura

A
  • frogs and toads, 7350 species everywhere but Antarctica
83
Q

modes of locomotion

A

Order Anura
- hoppers - jump 5-10x body length, tend to be widely foraging predators (toads, horned frogs)
- jumpers - jump 10-20x body length, tend to be sit-and-wait predators (frogs)
- leapers - jump over 20x body length, tend to be arboreal sit-and-wait predators (tree frogs have toe disks for climbing and have wet adhesion)

84
Q

specializations for jumping

A
  1. elongated hindlimbs (tibia and fibula are fused)
  2. caudal and sacral vertebrae are fused into urostyle
  3. semi-membraneous muscle adapted for max power
85
Q

permanent pools in reproduction

A
  • prolonged breeders
  • longer breeding season
  • males arrive first and claim territories
  • high reproductive skew (few males get most matings)
  • high competition
  • ex. green frogs and leopard frogs
86
Q

temporary pools in reproduction

A
  • explosive breeders
  • short breeding season
  • males and females arrive at the same time
  • low reproductive skew (most males get similar mating opportunities)
  • scramble competition favors ability to rapidly find a mate
  • ex. wood frogs and spring peepers
87
Q

advertisement calls

A

used to attract mates, identify species, sex, and condition of the male (females become responsive to the male’s call only during breeding season)

88
Q

Costs of vocalization

A
  • increased predation risk (by bats)
  • energy costs
  • increased competition, risk of disputes with other males
  • satellite strategy
  • ex. Tungara frog: females prefer males with loud chuck calls but this also attracts bats, honest signal (only males with good survival traits will be successful)
89
Q

modes of reproduction: anurans

A
  • amplexus: male clasps female with fore or hind legs until she lays eggs
  • foam nests: float on water surface and tadpoles fall into water as they hatch
90
Q

Strawberry poison frogs

A

lay eggs in pools, unfertilized eggs feed tadpoles

91
Q

midwife toad

A

carries eggs on male’s back

92
Q

surinam toad

A

female carries in her back where they metamorphose into small toads

93
Q

Darwin’s frog

A

embryos develop in male’s vocal sac

94
Q

Turtle synapomorphy

A

shell (upper is the carapace, lower is plastron), results in limited species diversity

95
Q

Turtle phylogenies

A
  1. anapsid = ancestral condition
  2. anapsid is an evolutionary reversal (turtles are more closely related to modern lizards)
  3. anapsid skull is a several and turtles are a highly derived diapsid
96
Q

Cryptodires

A
  • 255 species
  • on all continents except Antarctica and Australia
  • retract head by bending in vertical S
  • trochlear process is formed by the otic capsule
97
Q

Pleurodires

A
  • 93 species
  • found in Australia, South America, and New Guinea
  • retract head by bending horizontally
  • trochlear process is formed by pterygoid process

Comparative Vertebrate Bio (2 decks)

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