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PSY 301 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

State

A

level of arousal and engagement in the enviornment, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity

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2
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and regular, slow brain waves, breathing and heart rate

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3
Q

Autostimulation Theory

A

the idea that brain acticity during REM sleep in the fetus and newborn facilitates the early development of the visual system

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4
Q

Swaddling

A

soothing technique involves wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket

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5
Q

Colic

A

excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason

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6
Q

Infant Mortality

A

death during the first year of birth

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7
Q

Low Birth weight

A

less than 5.5 pounds

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8
Q

Premature

A

any child born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier(normal is 38 weeks)

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9
Q

Developmental resilience

A

successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards

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10
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are specialized for sending and recieving messages between the brain and all parts of the body

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

neural fibers that recieve input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

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12
Q

Axons

A

Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

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13
Q

Synapses

A

microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

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14
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the brain that provide a variaty of critical supportive functions

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15
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

gray matter of the brain, primary role in humanlike functioning-seeing hearing writing and feeling emotion

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17
Q

lobes

A

major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behavior

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information

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20
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory

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21
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

associated with organizing behavior; responsible for the human ability to plan ahead

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22
Q

Association Areas

A

parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas and that process and integrate input from those areas

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23
Q

Cerebrial Hemispheres

A

the two halves of the cortex; sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain

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24
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate

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25
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

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26
Q

Neurogenisis

A

the proliferation of neurons through cell division

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27
Q

Event-related potentials

A

changes in the brains electrical activity that occur in response to the presentation of a particular event

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28
Q

Spines

A

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons

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29
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information processing abilities

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30
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

the process by which neaurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

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31
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activvated are eliminated

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32
Q

Plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

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33
Q

Experience-expectant plasticity

A

the process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal enviornment will have

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34
Q

experiencce-dependant plasticity

A

the process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals exxperiences

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35
Q

Secular Trends

A

marked changes in physical development that have occured over generations

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36
Q

Failure to thrive (nonorganic)

A

a condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious reason

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37
Q

Adaptation

A

tendency to respond to the demands of the enviornment in ways that meet ones goals

38
Q

Assimilation

A

process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand

39
Q

Accomidation

A

the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

40
Q

equilibration

A

the process by which children or other people balance assimilation and accomidation to create stable understanding

41
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

the period (birth to 2yr) within Piagets theory in which intellegience is expressed through sensory and motor abilities

42
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Period (2 to 7 yr) within Piagets theory in which children become able to represent their experiences in languagem mental imagry and symbolic thought

43
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

the period (7 to 12 yr) within Piagets theory where children begin to reason logically about concrete objects and events

44
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

the period(12 years and beyond) within Piagets theory in which people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations

45
Q

Object Permanence

A

the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view

46
Q

A-not-B error

A

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than the new location where it was last hidden

47
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

the repition of other peoples behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred

48
Q

Symbolic Representation

A

the use of one object to stand for another

49
Q

Egocentrism

A

tendency to percieve the world soley from ones own point of view

50
Q

Centration

A

the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

51
Q

Conversation Concept

A

the idea that merely changing the apperance of objects does not change their key properties

52
Q

Task Analysis

A

the research technique of identifying goals, relevant information in the enviornment, and potential processing strategies for a problem

53
Q

Encoding

A

process of representing in memory information that draws attention or is considered important

54
Q

Overlapping-wave theories

A

an information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of childrens thinking

55
Q

Core-knowledge theories

A

approaches that emphasize the sophistication of infants’ and young childrens thinking in areas that have been important throughout human evolutionary history

56
Q

Personification

A

generalizing knowledge about people to infer properties of other animals

57
Q

Sociocultural theories

A

approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute to childrens development

58
Q

Cultural Tools

A

Innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking

59
Q

Private Speech

A

second phase of Vgotskys internalization of thought process, in which children develop their self regulation and problem solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do as much as their parents did in the first stage

60
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

the mutual understanding that people share during communication

61
Q

Joint attention

A

process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external enviornment

62
Q

Social Scaffolding

A

process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports childrens thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own

63
Q

Dynamic Systems theories

A

a class of theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems

64
Q

Sensation

A

processing the basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain

65
Q

Perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

66
Q

Preferential looking technique

A

method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other

67
Q

Visual Acuity

A

sharpness of visual discrimination

68
Q

Contrast sensitivity

A

ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern

69
Q

Cones

A

the light sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea (central region of retina)

70
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, etc in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object

71
Q

Object Segregation

A

identification of seperate objects in a visual array

72
Q

Optical Expansion

A

depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background indicating that the object is approaching

73
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

74
Q

Stereopsis

A

process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity resulting in the perception of depth

75
Q

Monocular or Pictorial Cues

A

perceptual cues of septh that can be percieved by one eye alone

76
Q

Auditory Localization

A

perception of the location in space of a sound source

77
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

combining of information from two or more ssesnsory systems

78
Q

The stepping reflex

A

neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

79
Q

Prereaching movements

A

clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the general vicinity of objects they see

80
Q

Self-locomotion

A

ability to move oneself around in the enviornment

81
Q

Scale Error

A

attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniture object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the chils and the object

82
Q

Differentiation

A

extraction from the constantly changing stimulation in the enviornment of those elements that are invariant or stable (getting bored/loking interest)

83
Q

Affordances

A

possibilities for action offered by objecrs and situations

84
Q

Classical conditioning

A

form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with one that always evokes a particular reflexive response

85
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

86
Q

Unconditioned response

A

in classical conditioning a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

87
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

in classical conditioning the neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

88
Q

Conditioned Response

A

in classical conditioning, the originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

89
Q

Instrumental/Operant learning

A

learning the relation between ones own behavior and the consequences that will result from it

90
Q

Violation of expectancy

A

procedure used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown an event that should evoke surprise or interest if it violates something the infant knows or assumes to be true

91
Q
A

PSY 301 (2 decks)

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