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Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral levels >100 mg/day

1-100 mg per day

<1mg per day

A

Major

Trace

Ultratrace

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2
Q

What is the most abundant divalent cation in the body that is roughly 2 percent of total body weight?

Where is 99% of this stored?

A

Calcium

Bones and Teeth

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3
Q

How is calcium found in nature and supplements?

What must happen for mineral to be absorbed?

Most common form in supplements and fortified food?

Requires how long in an acidic environment to be released?

A

As salts

Must be released from the salt

Calcium carbonate

1 hr at least

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4
Q

What are the two mechanisms of calcium absorption?

Where do both mechanisms occur?

A

Active Transport
Passive Diffusion

SI

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5
Q

What protein is used in active transport absorption of calcium?

Stimulated by which vitamin?

Saturatable?

A

Calcium-binding transport protein (calbindin 9k)

Vitamin D

Yes

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6
Q

When is Passive diffusion absorption of Ca used?

Requires vitamin D?

A

When calbindin 9k is saturated and when large amounts of CA are consumed

No

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7
Q

Together Passive and Active diffusion of Ca can only absorb how much at a time?

A

500 mg!

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8
Q

Vitamin D, lactose, and protein do what to Ca?

Na, protein, and caffeine?

Fiber, phytate, oxalate, divalent minerals, FA?

Estrogen, K, P?

A

Enhance absorption

Increase Excretion

Inhibit Absorption

Decrease Excretion

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9
Q

What percent of Ca absorbed in typical adult?

Periods of growth?

A

30%

65%

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10
Q

Calcium RDA age 19-50?

Older than 51?

Sources?

A

1000 mg

1200 mg

Dairy, fish (canned better), spinach, tofu, fortified grains

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11
Q

What are the two main functions of Calcium in the body?

A

Bone mineralization and Cell signaling

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12
Q

What are the three steps for in cell membrane signaling?

A

Hormone binds to receptor starting cascade of signals to activate phospholipase C

Phospholipase C digests insitol head group from phosphatidylinositol leaving a DG

Insitol releases sequestered calcium from ER. Ca and diglyceride activates protein kinase C

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13
Q

Low blood calcium leads to what hormone being secreted from parathyroid gland?

This hormone then produces what enzyme in the kidneys?

The enzyme the activates what?

Then this stimulates synthesis of what proteins?

Final result?

Pg 11

A

Parathyroid hormone

Hydroxylase

Calcitrol

Calcium-binding proteins

Increase Ca absorption in SI (calbindin 9k) and decrease Ca excretion of kidneys (calbindin 28k)

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14
Q

What four things can Ca deficiency cause?

A

Tetany, paresthesia, Ostemalacia and Osteoporosis

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15
Q

Tetany and parenthesia due to hyper excitability of nerves causing spontaneous discharge is from a deficiency of what?

A

Ca

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16
Q

Brittle bones in adults over 45 with increased osteoclast function is what disease?

Soft spongy bones in adults younger than 45 with impaired osteoblast function

A

Osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

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17
Q

Dificiency of what vitamin causes calcium deficiency in osteomalcaia ?

A

D

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18
Q

Differences between type 1 and 2 osteoporosis?

A

Type 1 - postmenopausal women (<estrogen)

Type 2 age related in men and women over 70

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19
Q

TUL of Calcium?

Symptoms of toxicity?

Causes

A

2500 mg/day

Fatigue, hallucinations, constipation, kidney stones, calcium deposits in soft tissue

High dairy or supplements, hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis

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20
Q

Calcium toxicity can occur with 2000 mg/day plus what?

A

Vitamin D

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21
Q

Which cofactors are for bone formation?

A

Ca, P, F, Mg, K, St, Na

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22
Q

Which nutrients are involved in fluid balance?

A

?????

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23
Q

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body that is 85% in the skeleton?

A

Phosphorus

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24
Q

What are the two main functions of Phosphorus?

Other roles

A

Bone mineralization
Nucleotide/side phosphates

Phosphoproteins turn enzymes on or off by phosphorylation

Part of phospholipids

Acid-base balance acts as buffer

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25
Q

Is phosphorus deficiency common or rare?

Who is at risk?

A

RARE

Alcoholics and those with renal and or liver disease.

Those who consume lots of antacid

Malnourished being refer by TPN

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26
Q

Arrhythmias, skeletal muscle and cardiac myopathy, decreased diaphragm contractility, reduced cardiac output, death are all symptoms of what?

A

Phosphorus Deficiency

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27
Q

Is phosphorus toxicity common or rare?

Symptoms?

A

RARE

Hypocalcemia and tetany

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28
Q

What are excellent sources of Phosphorus?

Good sources?

Animal or plant products better?

A

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs

Dairy, nuts, legumes, grains

Animal

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29
Q

What is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Magnesium

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30
Q

What are the two main functions of magnesium?

Other roles

A

Bone mineralization
Cofactor (metalloenzme)

Muscle relaxation (blocks ca channel)
Required for PTH secretion
Required for vitamin D activation

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31
Q

Good sources of magnesium

Animal or Plant products better?

A

Seeds, nuts, grains, legumes, dark green leafy veggies

Milk, tofu prepared by Mg precipitation

Plant products better than animal products

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32
Q

Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, personality changes, tetany are all symptoms of what?

Renal disease, malabs, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, protein insufficiency, diabetics, PTH disorders?

A

Magnesium Deficiency

Acute depletion

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33
Q

Symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraine is what?

A

Magnesium toxicity

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34
Q

Who is at risk for magnesium toxicity?

A

Patients with Kidney disease

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35
Q

Major functions of Sodium?

A

Fluid balance

Na/K ATPase pump

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36
Q

Sodium sources

A 
Salt
Processed or canned food
Condiments
Cured meats
Meets, veggie and grain
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37
Q

Who is at risk for sodium deficiency even though it is rare

Symptoms?

A

Excessive sweating or severe trauma

Muscle crams, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, seziures

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38
Q

Symptoms of sodium toxicity?

A

Hypertension, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis and tetany (excess Na increased Ca excretion)

39
Q

What are the main functions of Potassium?

Other Roles?

A

Fluid balance
Na/K ATPase pump

Inhibits calcium excretion

40
Q

What sources are very high in potassium?

A

Banana, cantaloupe, papaya, dried fruit, avocado, milk, white and sweet potatoes, squash, corn

Kiwi, orange, peach, mushrooms, pumpkin, nuts, seeds, chocolate

41
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia, myopathy, irritability, mental confusion, glucose intolerance are symptoms of what?

High BP, increased urinary calcium excretion, abnormal bone turnover

A

Hypokalemia - Potassium deficiency

Subclinical deficiency

42
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest are symptoms of what?

Who is at risk?

A

Potassium Toxicity - Hyperkalemia

Patients with kidney disease

43
Q

What is the major anion in extracellular fluid?

A

Chloride

44
Q

What are the main functions of Chloride?

A

Fluid balance - maintain osmotic pressure with K and Na

HCL in gastric juice
Assists in destruction of foreign compounds during phagocytosis of WBC (hypochlorous acid)

45
Q

Soucres of Chloride?

A

Salt, processed foods, eggs, meat, seafood

46
Q

Symptoms of chloride deficiency

Who at risk?

A

Convulsions

Those with chronic diarrhea or vomiting

47
Q

Symptoms of chloride toxicity ?

A

No dietary toxicity

48
Q

How any grams of iron are found in the human body?

What percent is hemoglobin?

A

2-4

65

49
Q

What are the two types of iron?

Which one is animal products, parts of hemoglobin, and absorbed using heme carrier protein 1?

Which is plants and supplements, reduced in SI (require vit C) and absorbed using generic divalent mineral transporter.

A

Heme and Nonheme

Heme iron

Nonheme iron

50
Q

Heme Iron digestion

A

Heme around Fe2+ all inside of Globin separates into just Globin and the Heme/Fe2+ due to Pepsin in stomach and proteases in SI

51
Q

Steps in Heme Iron absorption (2)

A
  1. Heme absorbed by facilitated diffusion using heme carrier protein 1 (hcp1)
  2. Fe2+ is released inside enterocyte by heme oxygenate
52
Q

Nonheme iron digestion

A

Fe3+ and protein are separated by pepsin and HCL in stomach

Fe3+ to Fe2+ by ferrireductase which requires Vit. C

53
Q

How is Nonheme iron absorbed?

A

Ferrous iron is absorbed by facilitated diffusion using divalent mineral transporter DMT

54
Q

Fructose, sorbitol, Acids, meat, poultry, and fish all do what to iron absorption?

Polyphenols in coffee/tea, phytate (whole grains), Oxalate (tea veggies chocolate), phosvitin (egg yolk), Ca, Zn, Mn, Ni?

A

Increase

Decrease

55
Q

Need to know Iron stuff?

A

?????

56
Q

What are the functions of Heme proteins? (hemoglobin/myoglobin)

Heme enzymes? Cytochrome, cytochrome p450, catalase

Nonheme enzymes ? iron-sulfur and metalloproteins

Iron-dependent enzymes? Tryptophan pyrolase

A

Transport O2 from lungs to tissues/Transport and store in muscle

ETC, drug detox, Hydrogen peroxide metabolism

Oxidative metabolism

Oxidation of tryptophan

57
Q

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in the US?

Who at risk?

A

Iron

Kids 6mo - 2 yr, adolescents, childbearing age females, preggos

58
Q

Pallor, fatigue, decreased cognition, short attention span, depressed immune system are symptoms of what?

A

Iron Deficiency

59
Q

What do Iron supplements cause?

A

Zinc depletion

60
Q

What does Iron toxicity cause?

A

Organ damage from iron deposition

Supplemental iron overdose in kids
Genetic disorder - hemochromatosis

61
Q

What is the main function of Zinc?

Other Functions?

A

Cofactor required for over 300 enzymes

Cell growth and replication (conc. in cell nucleus)
Bone formation(required 4 osteoblast activity)
Immune function
Insulin secretion

62
Q

Sources of Zinc

A

Seafood, legumes, meat, dairy

63
Q

Diminished taste mechanism, alopecia, decreased growth, poor wound healing, dermatitis, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function are all symptoms of?

A

Zinc Deficiency

64
Q

Metallic taste, headache, nausea, vomiting, copper deficiency symptoms of?

A

Zinc toxicity

65
Q

Main function of copper?

A

Cofactor required for iron transport out of enterocyte

Metabolism of superoxide, catecholamines, serotonin

Synthesis of ATP (cytocrosome C) and peptide hormones

Corss-linking of collagen (lysyl oxidase)

66
Q

Sources of Copper

A

Oysters, nuts and seeds, legumes, cocoa, dried fruit, meat

67
Q

Anemia, depigmentation of skin and hair, bone demineralization, neutropenia are symptoms of what?

Who is at risk?

A

Copper deficiency

Those taking antacids or zinc supplements

Malabsorptive condtions

Genetic disease - Menkeys syndrome

68
Q

Nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, liver damage jaundice, kidney damage little or no urine output

A

Copper toxicity

69
Q

Genetic condition causing impaired copper excretion copper accumulates in liver brain kidneys and eyes is what disease?

A

Wilson’s disease

70
Q

Fluoride Functions

A

Prevent dental caries

Bone health

71
Q

Sources of Flouride

A

Fluoridated water
Fluoridated toothpaste
Tea

72
Q

Who is at risk for fluoride deficicenty?

Symptoms?

A

Those that consume well or bottled water

Dental caries, osteoporosis

73
Q

Fouoride toxicity fluorosis symptoms chronic

Acute

Who at risk?

A

Mottling of teeth, pitting of bones

Nausea, vomiting, dirrhea, heart arrhythmias, death

Kids and supplement users

74
Q

Function of selenium?

A

Cofactor

Glutathione peroxidase, convert T4 to T3, removal of peroxynitrite radical by selenoprotein P

75
Q

Sources of Selenium

A 
Brazil nuts
Seafood
Meat
Whole grains
Highly dependent on soil content!
76
Q

Selenium deficiency symptoms when also have cozsackie virus? (keshan’s disease)

Who at risk?

A

Cardiomyopathy in children and women

People living in china and mongolia

77
Q

Selenium deficiency with Virus Kashin-Beck’s disease symptoms

A

Stiffness, swelling and pain in finger joint, osteoarthritis

78
Q

Selenosis symptoms

A

Hair and nail brittleness, tooth decay, GI upset, mutagenic can be lethal

79
Q

Chromium funcitons

A

Insulin action

Helps with insulin secretion and binding

Part of glucose tolerance factor GTF

Influences macronutrient metabolism

80
Q

Foods with high levels of chromium

Moderate

Poor

A

Yeast, oysters, liver, potatoes

Seafood, whole grains, meat, cheese

Dairy, fruits, veggies

81
Q

Chromium deficiency symptoms

A

Insulin resistance, high plasma free fatty acid conc.

82
Q

Symptoms for chromium toxicity

A

Skin lesions and cancer

83
Q

What is function of Iodine?

A

Thyroid hormones - required for T4 thyroxine and T3 triiodothyronine synthesis

84
Q

Sources of Iodine

A

Seafood, salt, dairy, fruits and veggies (depends on soil)

85
Q

Symptoms of iodine deficiency

Who at risk?

A

Goiter, cretinism (in utero), poor cognition (kids)

Developing nations

86
Q

Symptoms of iodine toxicity

A

Nausea, vomiting, burning of mouth and throat, diarrhea, fever, goiter, hyper or hypothyroidism.

87
Q

Function of manganese

A

Cofactor

Transferase in proteoglycan syn
Hydrolase in collagen digest
Lyase in oxaloacetate to PEP
Oxidoreductase
Ligase in pyruvate to oxaloaceate
88
Q

Sources of manganese

A 
Whole grains
Legumes
Nuts
Coffee
Tea
89
Q

Manganese deficiency rare or common?

Symptoms

A

RARE

Dermatitis, decreased hair and nail growth, change in color, weight loss, convulsions, sterility

90
Q

Manganese toxicity symptoms

Who at risk

A

Liver and brain damage, neurologic abnormality, tremors, memory impairment

Newborns, miners, liver failure ppl

91
Q

Molybenum functions

A

Cofactor

92
Q

Sources of molybdenum RDA

A

Legumes
Whole grains
Dairy
Dark green leafy veggies

93
Q

Molybdenum deficiency rare or common?

Symptoms?

Who risk?

A

RARE

neurologic symptoms

Long term iv nutrition

94
Q

Molybdenuym toxicity symptoms

A

Gout

Nutrition (2 decks)

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